ABSTRACT
Dor é uma experiência pessoal e subjetiva que pode apenas ser sentida pelo sofredor. A dor aguda tem a finalidade de avisar o indivíduo que algo está errado. Contudo, a dor crônica (DC) é um problema global de saúde, que afeta a qualidade de vida e torna o indivíduo parcial ou totalmente incapacitado. A pesquisa básica utiliza diversos modelos animais para o estudo da dor aguda ou crônica, bem como para o estudo das principais comorbidades oriundas de sua cronificação como a ansiedade e a depressão. Esta revisão aborda os modelos animais mais comumente utilizados neste contexto.
Pain is a personal and subjective experience that can only be felt by the sufferer. Acute pain is intended to warn the individual that something is wrong. However, chronic pain (CP) is a global health problem, affecting the quality of life and making the individual parts or disabled. Basic research uses several animal models for the study of acute or chronic pain, as well as for the study of the main comorbidities arising from their chronicity, such as anxiety and depression. This review focuses on the animal models most commonly used in this context.
El dolor es una experiencia personal y subjetiva que solo puede sentir la víctima. El dolor agudo está destinado a advertir al individuo que algo está mal. Sin embargo, el dolor crónico (EC) es un problema de salud global, que afecta la calidad de vida y hace que el individuo esté parcial o totalmente discapacitado. La investigación básica utiliza varios modelos animales para el estudio del dolor agudo o crónico, así como para el estudio de las principales comorbilidades resultantes de su cronicidad, como la ansiedad y la depresión. Esta revisión se centra en los modelos animales más utilizados en este contexto.
ABSTRACT
Patients and the general public are under insurmountable psychological pressure which may lead to various psychological problems, such as anxiety, fear, depression, and insomnia, causing, consequently, the impaired quality of life. Psychological crisis intervention plays a pivotal role in the overall deployment of health-related quality of life and disease control. A novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2), a pathogen of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has affected several sector activities, including people's health. To enhance infection control methods, appropriate interventions, and public health policies, the present study aims to assess the fear and peri-traumatic stress during the Covid-19 in Brazil. Method: A cross-sectional survey has been conducted from April 12th to 18th using the Peri-Traumatic Distress Scale (CPDI) and the Fear Scale (FCV-19S) aiming to measure the peri-traumatic stress and fear as psychological reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic. For that purpose, an online spreadsheet was used to send the questionnaire and scales to a sample of 1844 participants as a collecting information tool. After the data analysis, the individuals were separated into 4 groups: Group 1 (1232) population without chronic health conditions; group 2 (298) patients with previous psychological suffering, group 3 (229) patients with cardiovascular diseases, group 4 (71) patients with diabetes. For analysis, G1 and were considered control for comparison with groups 2, 3 and 4 in accordance with One-Way Anova followed by Bonferroni test. Results: All the groups showed the CPDI and FCV-19S increased in comparison with the G1 group. Concerning CPDI, the G 3 was increased when compared to G1, G2 and G4. The G3 had the FCV-19S higher in comparison with G1, G2 and G4. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test showed a statistical difference between the control group in comparison with 2 and 3 groups (Mann-Whitney p< 0.05). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the Brazilian population, with patients with heart disease and hypertension presenting the highest numbers of stress and fear, with numbers comparable and even higher than those who reported previous psychological distress.
ABSTRACT
In response to the outbreak of the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), pathogen of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), several sectors and social activities have been affected, including education. At first, it is explained that educators and students can feel fragile during and after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Subsequently, it is discussed that their relationship ought to be carefully established given the triggering of psychological and neuropsychiatric effects arising from neural coding and plasticity processes, which result in the formation of positive and negative memories in the short to long term. Finally, it is pointed out that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic generates a need for adequacy and adaptation for the significant attention to students during the re-starting of studies, given that possible disorders of sensory modulation and involvement of limbic brain areas triggered in situations of risk of death, potential or real threat, can happen. It is assumed that at times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, in addition to preserving life, one of the challenges is the behavioural (re)organisation, which includes habits from the educational context that need to contemplate a scientific perspective, seeking to transform the consequences of the pandemic fear on opportunities to reinforcement of familiar links. In the context of modern rationality, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is also a period to think about the relationship between scientific knowledge and common sense. With this logic, neurosciences can develop a new format for the teaching-learning process, so that educators and students experiencing the pandemic threatening do not manifest psychological distress and secondary consequences. Therefore, education can be considered a central space in decision-making in the face of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this sense, the urgency of a multidisciplinary strategies development is highlighted, connecting the synergy between neurosciences and education after the COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The endogenous opioid peptide system has been implicated in the neural modulation of fear and anxiety organised by the dorsal midbrain. Furthermore, previous results indicate a fundamental role played by inferior colliculus (IC) opioid mechanisms during the expression of defensive behaviours, but the involvement of the IC µ1-opioid receptor in the modulation of anxiety- and panic attack-related behaviours remains unclear. Using a prey-versus-snake confrontation paradigm, we sought to investigate the effects of µ1-opioid receptor blockade in the IC on the defensive behaviour displayed by rats in a dangerous situation. METHODS: Specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were treated with microinjection of the selective µ1-opioid receptor antagonist naloxonazine into the IC at different concentrations (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 µg/0.2 µL) and then confronted with rattlesnakes ( Crotalus durissus terrificus). The defensive behavioural repertoire, such as defensive attention, flat back approach (FBA), startle, defensive immobility, escape or active avoidance, displayed by rats either during the confrontations with wild snakes or during re-exposure to the experimental context without the predator was analysed. RESULTS: The blockade of µ1-opioid receptors in the IC decreased the expression of both anxiety-related behaviours (defensive attention, FBA) and panic attack-related responses (startle, defensive immobility and escape) during the confrontation with rattlesnakes. A significant decrease in defensive attention was also recorded during re-exposure of the prey to the experimental apparatus context without the predator. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results suggest that a decrease in µ1-opioid receptor signalling activity within the IC modulates anxiety- and panic attack-related behaviours in dangerous environments.
