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2.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 27(28): 35591-35603, 2020 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32594449

ABSTRACT

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) intermittent irrigation is a potential strategy to mitigate methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but the effects of dry-wetting intervals on soil electrochemical changes and plant characteristics should be considered. This study was conducted in a greenhouse evaluating CH4 and N2O fluxes in rice under five different irrigation management practices (continuous irrigation (CI), intermittent irrigation with flooding resumption in saturated soil condition (SSI) and soil moisture at field capacity (FCI), saturated soil and irrigation resumption with soil moisture bellow field capacity (FCS), and soil at field capacity (FCD)) and its relation to plant development and global warming potential (GWP). Soil electrochemical conditions and CH4 and N2O emissions were expressively affected by irrigation management. The CI system presented the greatest CH4 flux (20.14 g m-2) and GWP (462.7 g m-2 eq. CO2), whereas intermittent irrigation expressively reduced CH4 emissions. Overall, the N2O flux was low (bellow 20 µg m-2 h-1) even with N application, with greater emissions occurring at the FCD treatment at the beginning of the rice season. Soil moisture at field capacity had no CH4 flux but presented greater GWP (271 g m-2 eq. CO2) than intermittent irrigation systems due to N2O flux while compromising rice plant development. The best soil moisture condition to initiate a flooding cycle during intermittent irrigation is at saturated soil conditions.


Subject(s)
Nitrous Oxide/analysis , Oryza , Agriculture , China , Global Warming , Methane/analysis , Soil
3.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 955, 2020 01 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31969672

ABSTRACT

Renewing carbon and re-establishing it again in the soil is one of the valuable means to cope with climate change. There are many technologies for carbon apprehension and storage, but the most important one gaining attention is biochar technology. So, to carbonize and return different biological materials back to the farmland, a comprehensive study was proposed to characterize and evaluate the carbon (C) mineralization of biochars produced from different animal manures and crop straws. Six types of biochars were prepared from animal manures (poultry litter, swine and cattle manures) and crop straws (rice, soybean, and corn straws). The biochars were analyzed for chemical characteristics (elemental variables, thermal decomposition, cation exchange capacity, pH, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, and surface functional groups) and an incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate C mineralization from soil biochar mixture. Biochars produced from crop straws resulted to have more C as compared to the biochars produced from animal manures. Concentration of nitrogen was low, while P, K, Ca, and Mg were found reasonably higher in all biochars except swine manure biochar. The plant-derived biochars presented lower CO2 emissions when incorporated to soil at 1 and 2% of C. Varying but all the biochars prepared represented an alkaline pH. Biochars prepared from the crop straws resulted to have more C, alkaline in nature, high CEC, low CO2 emissions, can sequester C and more suitable to enhance the soil fertility in comparison to biochars produced from other sources.


Subject(s)
Carbon/chemistry , Charcoal/chemistry , Manure , Soil/chemistry , Animals , Cattle , Poultry , Swine
4.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 50(1): e20190506, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055842

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Among the soil constituents, special attention is given to soil organic matter (SOM) and clay contents, since, among other aspects, they are key factors to nutrient retention and soil aggregates formation, which directly affect the crop production potential. The methods commonly used for the quantification of these constituents have some disadvantages, such as the use of chemical reactants and waste generation. An alternative to these methods is the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique. The aim of this research is to evaluate models for SOM and clay quantification in soil samples using spectral data by NIRS. A set (n = 400) of soil samples previously analyzed by traditional methods were used to generate a NIRS calibration curve. The clay content was determined by the hydrometer method while SOM content was determined by sulfochromic solution. For calibration, we used the original spectra (absorbance) and spectral pretreatment (Savitzky-Golay smoothing derivative) in the following models: multiple linear regression (MLR), partial last squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM) and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The curve validation was performed with the SVM model (best performance in the calibration based on R² and RMSE) in two ways: with 40 random samples from the calibration set and another set with 200 new unknown samples. The soil clay content affects the predictive ability of the calibration curve to estimate SOM content by NIRS. Validation curves showed poorer performance (lower R² and higher RMSE) when generated from unknown samples, where the model tends to overestimate the lower levels and to underestimate the higher levels of clay and SOM. Despite the potential of NIRS technique to predict these attributes, further calibration studies are still needed to use this technique in soil analysis laboratories.


RESUMO: Dentre os constituintes do solo, especial atenção é voltada aos teores de argila e de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), pois, entre outros aspectos, são determinantes para retenção de nutrientes e a formação de agregados no solo, os quais afetam diretamente o potencial produtivo das culturas. Os métodos mais comumente utilizados para quantificação destes constituintes apresentam algumas desvantagens, como o uso de reagentes químicos e a geração de resíduos. Uma alternativa a estes métodos é o uso da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (near infrared spectroscopy - NIRS). O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar modelos de quantificação dos teores de argila e de MOS em amostras de solo utilizando dados espectrais por meio da técnica NIRS. Foram utilizadas 400 amostras de solos com amplitude nos teores de MOS e argila para geração de uma curva de calibração. A argila foi determinada pelo método do densímetro e a MOS por meio da solução sulfocrômica. Para calibração, utilizou-se os espectros originais (absorbância) e com pré-tratamento espectral (Savitzky-Golay derivative) das 400 amostras nos seguintes modelos: multiple linear regression (MLR), partial last squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM) e Gaussian process regression (GPR). A validação da curva foi realizada com o modelo que apresentou melhor desempenho na calibração (SVM) de duas maneiras: com 40 amostras aleatórias oriundas daquelas utilizadas na calibração e com outras 200 novas amostras desconhecidas. O teor de argila das amostras de solo afeta a capacidade preditiva da curva de calibração da estimativa do teor de MOS pelo NIRS. A validação das curvas apresentou pior desempenho (menor R² e maior RMSE) quando feita a partir de amostras desconhecidas, cujo modelo tende a superestimar os teores mais baixos e subestimar os teores mais elevados de argila e MOS com a curva gerada. Apesar do potencial de predição destes atributos via NIRS, outros estudos de calibração ainda são necessários para que esta técnica possa ser utilizada em laboratórios de análises de solos.

5.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 49(4): e20180747, 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045325

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has about 20% of the total area as lowland soils, suitable for flooded rice (Oryza sativa). In order to mitigate damage caused by rice monoculture, new crops such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and soybean (Glycine max) have been cultivated in these areas. With different qualities of crop residues, it is expected a change in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and consequently, nitrogen (N) availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of rice, soybean and sorghum crop residues on the N present in physical fractions of SOM of two lowland soils, using labeled 15N technique, under incubation for 180 days in aerobic condition and more 180 days in anaerobic condition. At 30, 180 and 360 days of incubation the remaining N of the plant residues and N destination from the residues in both soils were quantified in the physical fractions of SOM >250 μm, 250-53 μm and <53 μm. The soil with higher amount of clay+silt received a larger quantity of 15N from residues, while flooding of the soil after 180 days caused a loss of N added to the soil by the soybean and sorghum residues. In general, larger amounts of 15N were reported in the fraction <53 μm, associated with clay minerals, throughout the incubation period. These N losses should be considered in N fertilization for the following crops in rotation with flooded rice.


RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui cerca de 20% da área total de solos de terras baixas, propícias para o cultivo do arroz (Oryza sativa) irrigado por inundação. Buscando mitigar danos ocasionados com o monocultivo de arroz, novas culturas, como o sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) e a soja (Glycine max), têm sido cultivadas nestas áreas. Com diferentes qualidades de resíduos culturais, espera-se uma alteração na dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e, consequentemente, do nitrogênio (N). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de resíduos culturais de arroz, soja e sorgo na quantidade de N em frações físicas da MOS de dois solos de terras baixas, utilizando a técnica de marcação isotópica de 15N das culturas e uma incubação por um ciclo de 180 dias em condição aeróbica e mais 180 dias em condição anaeróbica. Aos 30, 180 e 360 dias de incubação foi quantificado o N remanescente dos resíduos vegetais e destino do N proveniente dos resíduos nos dois solos em frações físicas da MOS >250 μm, 250-53 μm e <53 μm. O solo com maior quantidade de argila+silte recebeu maior quantidade de 15N dos resíduos, enquanto que o alagamento do solo após 180 dias de incubação ocasionou uma perda do N adicionado ao solo pelos resíduos de soja e sorgo. De maneira geral, foram encontradas maiores quantidades de 15N na fração <53 μm, associado aos argilominerais. As perdas de N devem ser consideradas na adubação nitrogenada para as culturas sequentes nos sistemas de rotação de culturas com arroz irrigado.

6.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 48(12): e20180507, 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045031

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Rhizospheric carbon resulting from root exudation is one of the substrates used by the soil microbiota, and reflects methane (CH4) emissions in anoxic environments such as irrigated rice cultivation. With the increase of the photosynthetic capacity of the plant in the reproductive period, there is greater accumulation of biomass which, in turn, increases the rate of root exudation. However, genotypic variations in the physiological aspects of rice plants may be related to the amount of root exudates. Ten cultivars of irrigated rice were evaluated for the exudation rate of total organic carbon (EXRToc), shoot dry matter (SDM), and physiological variables related to photosynthesis during the full flowering (blooming) period. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Soils of the UFSM (University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil) in a completely randomized experimental design. The cultivars presented significant differences in EXRToc, SDM, and all physiological variables as well as positive and significant correlations between EXRToc and physiological variables. Early cultivars were more inefficient in the physiological variables reflecting reduced values of EXRToc and SDM whereas medium-cycle cultivars were more efficient with larger EXRToc and SDM reflections.


RESUMO: O carbono rizosférico resultado da exsudação radicular é um dos substratos utilizados pela microbiota do solo, refletindo-se nas emissões de metano (CH4) em ambientes anóxicos, como no cultivo de arroz irrigado. Com o aumento da capacidade fotossintética da planta no período reprodutivo, ocorre acúmulo maior de biomassa, que por sua vez, impulsiona aumento na taxa de exsudação radicular. Entretanto, variações genotípicas nos aspectos fisiológicos das plantas de arroz podem se relacionar com a quantidade de exsudatos radiculares. Foram avaliadas dez cultivares de arroz irrigado quanto a taxa de exsudação de carbono orgânico total (TEXCOT), matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e variáveis fisiológicas relacionadas com a fotossíntese no período de florescimento pleno. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos na casa de vegetação do Departamento de Solos da UFSM em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. As cultivares apresentaram diferenças significativas na TEXCOT, na MSPA e em todas as variáveis fisiológicas, bem como, correlações positivas e significantes entre TEXCOT e as variáveis fisiológicas, sendo que as cultivares de ciclo precoce se mostraram mais ineficientes nas variáveis fisiológicas refletindo em valores reduzidos de TEXCOT e MSPA, enquanto que as cultivares de ciclo médio se mostraram mais eficientes com reflexos em maiores TEXCOT e MSPA.

7.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 14326, 2017 10 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29085013

ABSTRACT

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a natural mammalian hormone that has been described to exhibit antiplasmodial activity therefore constituting a promising alternative for the treatment of malaria. Despite its promise, the development of Ang II as an antimalarial is limited by its potent induction of vasoconstriction and its rapid degradation within minutes. Here, we used peptide design to perform targeted chemical modifications to Ang II to generate conformationally restricted (disulfide-crosslinked) peptide derivatives with suppressed vasoconstrictor activity and increased stability. Designed constrained peptides were synthesized chemically and then tested for antiplasmodial activity. Two lead constrained peptides were identified (i.e., peptides 1 and 2), each composed of 10 amino acid residues. These peptides exhibited very promising activity in both our Plasmodium gallinaceum (>80%) and Plasmodium falciparum (>40%) models, an activity that was equivalent to that of Ang II, and led to complete suppression of vasoconstriction. In addition, peptide 5 exhibited selective activity towards the pre-erythrocytic stage (98% of activity against P. gallinaceum), thus suggesting that it may be possible to design peptides that target specific stages of the malaria life cycle. The Ang II derived stable scaffolds presented here may provide the basis for development of a new generation of peptide-based drugs for the treatment of malaria.


Subject(s)
Angiotensin II/metabolism , Antimalarials/metabolism , Erythrocytes/physiology , Malaria, Falciparum/metabolism , Peptides/metabolism , Plasmodium falciparum/physiology , Plasmodium gallinaceum/physiology , Vasodilator Agents/metabolism , Angiotensin II/therapeutic use , Animals , Antimalarials/therapeutic use , Chemical Engineering , Drug Design , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Humans , Life Cycle Stages , Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy , Peptides/chemical synthesis , Peptides/therapeutic use , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasodilator Agents/chemical synthesis , Vasodilator Agents/therapeutic use
8.
Ciênc. rural ; 47(4): e20150900, 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-839780

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: It has become possible to evaluate the conversion of soil organic matter (SOM) in pastures and arboreal crops due to the difference between the photosynthetic cycles of Eucalyptus (C3) and most grasses (C4). The auto analyzer method coupled to the IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer) in the present study evaluated the 13C content in soil profiles of Eucalyptus plantations of different ages (2, 10 and 21 years), in natural regeneration areas and natural grazing fields, and estimated the SOM conversion of each crop type of. The initial management of all sampled areas was natural pasture. The following profile layers were evaluated: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-70 and 70-90cm, and the contribution of Eucalyptus biomass over the years of farming was estimated in the SOM conversion process. After 2 years of planting Eucalyptus, the beginning of pasture carbon conversion process occurred in the surface layer (0-5cm). Ten years after planting, the process of converting organic matter by arboreal crops reached the layers up to 20cm. After 21 years of planting and in natural regeneration areas, the entire profile has already been changed by planting Eucalyptus and native tree species.


RESUMO: A avaliação da conversão da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) entre pastagens e cultivos arbóreos, tornou-se possível graças a diferença entre os ciclos fotossintéticos do eucalipto (C3) e da maioria das gramíneas (C4). Com o autoanalisador acoplado ao IRMS (isotope ratio mass spectrometer) e a avaliação da abundância isotópica de 13C, o presente estudo estimou a conversão da MOS em perfis do solo sob plantio de eucaliptos de diferentes idades (2, 10 e 21 anos), em área de regeneração natural e em campo de pastagem natural. O manejo inicial de todas as áreas amostradas era de pastagem natural. Foram avaliadas as seguintes camadas do perfil: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-70 e 70-90cm. Assim como estimada a contribuição proveniente da biomassa de eucaliptos ao longo dos anos de cultivo no processo de conversão da MOS. Após 10 anos de plantio, o processo de conversão da matéria orgânica nos cultivos arbóreos atingiu as camadas até 20cm. Após 21 anos de plantio e na área de regeneração natural, todo o perfil já sofreu alteração pelo plantio de eucaliptos e espécies arbóreas nativas.

9.
PLoS One ; 11(1): e0147785, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26820468

ABSTRACT

Group V (GV) phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a member of the family of secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes. This enzyme has been identified in several organs, including the kidney. However, the physiologic role of GV sPLA2 in the maintenance of renal function remains unclear. We used mice lacking the gene encoding GV sPLA2 (Pla2g5-/-) and wild-type breeding pairs in the experiments. Mice were individually housed in metabolic cages and 48-h urine was collected for biochemical assays. Kidney samples were evaluated for glomerular morphology, renal fibrosis, and expression/activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase α1 subunit. We observed that plasma creatinine levels were increased in Pla2g5-/- mice following by a decrease in creatinine clearance. The levels of urinary protein were higher in Pla2g5-/- mice than in the control group. Markers of tubular integrity and function such as γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and sodium excretion fraction (FENa+) were also increased in Pla2g5-/- mice. The increased FENa+ observed in Pla2g5-/- mice was correlated to alterations in cortical (Na+ + K+) ATPase activity/ expression. In addition, the kidney from Pla2g5-/- mice showed accumulation of matrix in corticomedullary glomeruli and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. These data suggest GV sPLA2 is involved in the maintenance of tubular cell function and integrity, promoting sodium retention through increased cortical (Na+ + K+)-ATPase expression and activity.


Subject(s)
Group V Phospholipases A2/physiology , Kidney Tubules, Distal/enzymology , Kidney/enzymology , Sodium/metabolism , Animals , Homeostasis , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism
10.
Ciênc. rural ; 44(11): 1956-1961, 11/2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-728733

ABSTRACT

A produção intensiva de forrageiras para fenação aumenta os riscos de degradação física do solo e a escarificação, associada ou não com a adubação orgânica, pode ser alternativa para a recuperação estrutural desses solos. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da escarificação do solo, da adubação orgânica e adubação mineral, na densidade e porosidade do solo e na produtividade da Tifton 85. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área cultivada por dez anos para feno com Tifton 85. Apenas a escarificação promoveu alterações significativas nos atributos físicos do solo, principalmente na profundidade de 0,03-0,08m, mantendo-se por pelo menos nove meses. O curto período entre a escarificação e o primeiro corte para fenação prejudicou a produtividade da Tifton 85, porém não houve diferença na produtividade acumulada entre os manejos do solo ao fim de uma estação de crescimento da pastagem. A produtividade foi maior para os tratamentos com reaplicação de nitrogênio mineral em relação à testemunha, sendo que a produtividade com o uso de cama de aves foi inferior à adubação mineral no somatório dos quatro cortes da gramínea.


The intensive forage production for hay increases the risk of soil physical degradation and soil chiseling, with or without organic and mineral fertilization, could be alternatives to soil structural recovery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil chiseling and poultry litter fertilization effects on soil bulk density and porosity and Tifton 85 production. The experiment was conducted in a soil with a ten years hay production with Tifton 85. Significant changes in soil physical properties occurred only with chiseling, especially at 0.03-0.08m depth, keeping for at least nine months. The short period between the first cut and chiseling harmed the Tifton 85 production, with no difference between the soil management in the end of Bermuda grass growing season. The productivity was higher in treatments with nitrogen reapplication. Tifton 85 with poultry litter produced less dry matter than with mineral fertilizer on tfhe sum of four cuts of Bermuda grass.

11.
PLoS One ; 9(10): e107549, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25302946

ABSTRACT

The role of albumin overload in proximal tubules (PT) in the development of tubulointerstitial injury and, consequently, in the progression of renal disease has become more relevant in recent years. Despite the importance of leukotrienes (LTs) in renal disease, little is known about their role in tubulointerstitial injury. The aim of the present work was to investigate the possible role of LTs on tubulointerstitial injury induced by albumin overload. An animal model of tubulointerstitial injury challenged by bovine serum albumin was developed in SV129 mice (wild-type) and 5-lipoxygenase-deficient mice (5-LO(-/-)). The changes in glomerular morphology and nestin expression observed in wild-type mice subjected to kidney insult were also observed in 5-LO(-/-) mice. The levels of urinary protein observed in the 5-LO(-/-) mice subjected or not to kidney insult were lower than those observed in respective wild-type mice. Furthermore, the increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, a marker of tubule damage, observed in wild-type mice subjected to kidney insult did not occur in 5-LO(-/-) mice. LTB4 and LTD4, 5-LO products, decreased the uptake of albumin in LLC-PK1 cells, a well-characterized porcine PT cell line. This effect correlated with activation of protein kinase C and inhibition of protein kinase B. The level of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6, increased in mice subjected to kidney insult but this effect was not modified in 5-LO(-/-) mice. However, 5-LO(-/-) mice subjected to kidney insult presented lower macrophage infiltration and higher levels of IL-10 than wild-type mice. Our results reveal that LTs have an important role in tubulointerstitial disease induced by albumin overload.


Subject(s)
Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism , Kidney Diseases/etiology , Kidney Diseases/metabolism , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology , Proteinuria/complications , Proteinuria/metabolism , Serum Albumin/metabolism , Animals , Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/genetics , Cattle , Cell Line , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Deletion , Kidney Diseases/genetics , Kidney Diseases/pathology , Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism , Kidney Glomerulus/pathology , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism , Male , Mice , Proteinuria/genetics , Swine
12.
Ciênc. rural ; 43(6): 1128-1133, jun. 2013. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-675721

ABSTRACT

O efeito de doses em cobertura de adubação nitrogenada foi avaliado sobre o rendimento do beneficiamento, a incidência de grãos gessados e barriga branca, os teores de proteína e de amilose nos grãos polidos da variedade de arroz irrigado IRGA 422CL. Utilizando a ureia como fonte de nitrogênio (N), os tratamentos constituíram-se de doses crescentes distribuídas em cobertura na primeira aplicação (0, 40, 63, 80 e 120kg ha-1 de N), na parcela principal (10x5m), e na segunda aplicação (0, 25, 50 e 75kg ha-1 de N), na subparcela (2,5x5m). Assim, foram obtidos 20 tratamentos com variação de 0 a 195kg ha-1 de N aplicado durante o cultivo. As doses em cobertura de adubação nitrogenada influenciaram quadrática e positivamente o rendimento de grãos inteiros (R²=0,75) e negativamente a percentagem de grãos quebrados (R²=-0,89), não apresentando efeitos significativos na percentagem de casca + farelo. As doses de nitrogênio influenciaram de forma linear positiva sobre o teor de proteína (R²=0,81) e linear negativa sobre o teor de amilose (R²=-0,66), nos grãos polidos da variedade de arroz irrigado IRGA 422CL.


The effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization levels was assessed by the industrial yield, the incidence of chalky and white belly grains as well as protein and amylose content of IRGA 422CL cultivar polished grains. The experiment was consisted with N levels applied in coverage using urea as a N source. The first application (0, 40, 63, 80 and 120kg ha-1 of N) was carried out on a main plot (10x5m) and the second application (0, 25, 50 and 75kg ha-1 of N) on a subplot (2,5x5m). Therefore, 20 treatments were obtained varying from 0 to 195kg ha-1 of N applied during cultivation. The nitrogen levels presented a positive quadratic influence on the yield of whole grains (R²=0.75) and a negative influence on the percentage of broken grains (R²=-0.89), not demonstrating significant effects on the percentage of rice hulls + bran. The nitrogen levels influenced protein content in a positive linear way (R²=0.81) and amylose content in a negative linear way (R²=-0.66), in IRGA 422CL cultivar flood-irrigated polished grains.

13.
PLoS One ; 8(4): e62999, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23646169

ABSTRACT

The contribution of T cells in severe malaria pathogenesis has been described. Here, we provide evidence for the potential role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in modulating splenic T cell responses in a rodent model of cerebral malaria. T cell activation induced by infection, determined by 3 to 4-fold enhancement in CD69 expression, was reduced to control levels when mice were treated with 20 mg/kg losartan (IC50 = 0.966 mg/kg/d), an AT1 receptor antagonist, or captopril (IC50 = 1.940 mg/kg/d), an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Moreover, the production of interferon-γ and interleukin-17 by CD4+ T cells diminished 67% and 70%, respectively, by both treatments. Losartan reduced perforin expression in CD8+ T cells by 33% while captopril completely blocked it. The upregulation in chemokine receptor expression (CCR2 and CCR5) observed during infection was abolished and CD11a expression was partially reduced when mice were treated with drugs. T cells activated by Plasmodium berghei ANKA antigens showed 6-fold enhance in AT1 levels in comparison with naive cells. The upregulation of AT1 expression was reduced by losartan (80%) but not by captopril. Our results suggest that the AT1/Ang II axis has a role in the establishment of an efficient T cell response in the spleen and therefore could participate in a misbalanced parasite-induced T cell immune response during P. berghei ANKA infection.


Subject(s)
Angiotensin II/metabolism , Malaria/immunology , Malaria/metabolism , Plasmodium berghei/immunology , Spleen/immunology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , Angiotensin II/immunology , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Adhesion/immunology , Cell Line , Cell Movement/immunology , Cytokines/biosynthesis , Cytokines/blood , Disease Models, Animal , Inflammation Mediators/blood , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Malaria, Cerebral/immunology , Mice , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
14.
Ciênc. rural ; 42(11): 1982-1988, nov. 2012. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-654313

ABSTRACT

O clorofilômetro e a cartela de cores têm sido utilizados para monitorar a adubação nitrogenada em diferentes culturas, com o pressuposto de que há uma relação entre suas leituras e o teor de nitrogênio (N) no tecido das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização do clorofilômetro e da cartela de cores na estimativa do teor de N em folhas de arroz irrigado por alagamento. Foram utilizados dois experimentos instalados em um Planossolo Háplico, sendo o primeiro conduzido com cinco doses de N (0, 50, 80, 120 e 160kg ha-1 na forma de ureia) e a cultivar 'IRGA 417', e o segundo com seis cultivares de arroz irrigado de diferentes ciclos ('BR-IRGA 409', 'BR-IRGA 410', 'IRGA 417', 'IRGA 421', 'EPAGRI 108' e 'HÍBRIDO 2') com uma única dose de N. Foram realizadas avaliações com clorofilômetro e a cartela de cores nas folhas do arroz em diferentes épocas. Simultaneamente às leituras, foram coletadas amostras de folhas e nelas determinado o teor de N. Quando variaram as doses de N, houve correlação significativa entre as leituras do clorofilômetro e da cartela de cores com o teor de N nas folhas, independente da época de avaliação. Já quando variaram as cultivares, as leituras do clorofilômetro se correlacionaram com o teor de N (r=0,78; P<0,05), mas não com a cartela de cores (r=0,25ns). O clorofilômetro e a cartela de cores foram eficientes para estimar o teor de N quando utilizada uma determinada cultivar, porém, a cartela de cores apresenta maior dependência da interpretação correta do avaliador e uma menor amplitude nas escalas, dificultando, muitas vezes, o melhor ajuste da cor. Quando utilizadas diferentes cultivares de arroz, somente o clorofilômetro é sensível para estimar o teor foliar de N.


The chlorophyll meter and the color chart have been applied to monitor nitrogen fertilization in different crops, based on the assumption that there is a correlation between their readings and the nitrogen content (N) in the plant tissue. This research aims at assessing the use of the chlorophyll meter and the color chart to estimate the N content in leaves of flooded rice plants. Two experiments installed at a Albaqualf (Planossolo Háplico) were used, the first using five N doses (0, 50, 80, 120 and 160kg ha-1 as urea) and the cultivar 'IRGA 417', and the second with six flooded rice cultivars of different cycles ('BR-IRGA 409', 'BR-IRGA 410', 'IRGA 417', 'IRGA 421', 'EPAGRI 108' and 'HÍBRIDO 2') with one only N dose. Assessments with the chlorophyll meter and the color chart were carried out on leaves of rice at different growth stages. Along with the readings, leaves were sampled and the leaf N content was determined. When the N doses varied, there was a meaningful correlation between the readings from the chlorophyll meter and the color chart with the leaf N content, regardless the assessment period. When the cultivars varied, the chlorophyll meter readings correlated with the N content (r=0.78, P<0.05) but not with the color chart (r=0.25ns). The chlorophyll meter and the color chart were efficient to estimate the N content when a particular cultivar was used, however, the color chart presents higher dependence of the accurate evaluator's interpretation as well as a narrower range of scales, making it often harder to find the best color setting. When different rice cultivars are used, only the chlorophyll meter is sensitive to estimate the leaf N content.

15.
Ciênc. rural ; 41(12): 2053-2059, Dec. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-608072

ABSTRACT

A ureia é a principal fonte de N usada na agricultura, mas apresenta grandes perdas em arroz irrigado por alagamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de fontes de N alternativas à ureia para utilização pelo arroz irrigado aplicadas em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da planta através da quantificação da volatilização de N-NH3 e de parâmetros agronômicos. O experimento foi realizado em campo nos anos agrícolas 2007/08 e 2008/09. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos de diferentes fontes de N aplicados na semeadura, no perfilhamento e no estádio de diferenciação floral: testemunha sem aplicação de N, ureia, ureia+inibidor de urease, duas fontes de N líquido (N-28 e N- 30), sulfato de amônio e ureia + enxofre. Nas duas safras, a volatilização de N-NH3 na semeadura foi praticamente insignificante, enquanto no estádio V4 a fonte que menos volatilizou foi o sulfato de amônio. A resposta em produtividade variou entre os anos, provavelmente em função da disponibilidade de N no solo e aspectos climáticos. Quando vantajoso economicamente, o uso do inibidor de urease e o sulfato de amônio proporcionam produtividades semelhantes à fonte ureia.


Urea is the main source of N used in agriculture, but has large losses in irrigated rice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of N sources alternative to urea for use by rice applied at different stages of plant development through the quantification of N-NH3 and agronomic parameters. The experiment was conducted in the field in the agricultural years 2007/08 and 2008/09. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of different N sources applied at seeding, tillering and at the stage of floral differentiation: control without N, urea, urea + urease inhibitor, two sources of liquid N (N-28 and N-30) ammonium sulfate and urea + sulfur. In both seasons, the volatilization of N-NH3 at seeding was almost negligible, whereas in the V4 stage, the source that was less volatilized was the ammonium sulfate. Yield response varied among years, probably due to the availability of N in the soil and climatic aspects. When economically advantageous, the use of urease inhibitor and ammonium sulfate provide yields similar to urea supply.

16.
Ciênc. rural ; 39(4): 992-997, jul. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-519150

ABSTRACT

A aplicação de nitrogênio (N) deve afetar a sensibilidade das plantas de arroz quando submetidas ao frio na fase reprodutiva. Assim, foram instalados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, no Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agropecuária (INIA), INIA Treinta y Tres, Uruguai, na safra agrícola 2007/08. O primeiro experimento teve o objetivo de determinar o efeito da época e o segundo, o efeito de dose de aplicação de N sobre a suscetibilidade de plantas de arroz irrigado à temperatura baixa na fase reprodutiva. Realizou-se um experimento bifatorial em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (fator A: épocas ou doses de aplicação de N e fator B: aplicação ou não de frio nos dois experimentos), com quatro repetições. No experimento 1, os tratamentos do fator A foram a aplicação de N (30kg ha-1) nos estádios V4, V5, V6, V7, V8, R0, R1+4 dias e a testemunha sem N em cobertura. Nesse experimento, os tratamentos que receberam N de V4 a V8 também receberam mais 30kg ha-1 no estádio R0, e os tratamentos que receberam N nos estádios R0 e R1+4 dias também receberam 30kg ha-1 no estádio V4. No experimento 2, o fator A foram níveis de N de 0, 23, 46 e 69kg ha-1 de N no estádio V4 mais uma aplicação de 23kg ha-1 no estádio R0 e as mesmas doses em R0 com 23kg ha-1 no estádio V4, mais uma testemunha sem aplicação de N nos dois estádios. No tratamento com frio, as plantas foram submetidas a 12,5°C durante sete horas em quatro noites quando o colar da folha bandeira ficou com a mesma altura que o colar da folha anterior. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: a percentagem de esterilidade de espiguetas, o índice SPAD, realizado aos três, 10 e 16 dias após o tratamento do frio no estádio R2-R3, a produtividade de grãos por vaso, o número de panículas por balde e a massa de mil grãos. A esterilidade de espiguetas não foi influenciada pela época, pela dose de aplicação de N ou pelo tratamento de frio, mas encontrou-se efeito temporário do frio no índice...


Nitrogen doses and timing of topdressing application affects the sensibility of rice plants to low temperature in reproductive stage. For these reasons it were installed two experiments with the objective of determining the effect of nitrogen topdressing application doses and timing on the susceptibility of rice plants to low temperature in the reproductive phase. The experiments were sowed in 2007/08 growing season in a greenhouse at Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agropecuária (INIA), INIA Treinta y Tres, Uruguay, with INIA Olimar cultivar. In both experiments, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with four replications (factor A: stages or rates of N application and factor B: temperature treatment, with or without cold). In the experiment 1 the treatments of factor A were N application of 30 kg ha-1 in V4, V5, V6, V7, V8, R0, R1+4 days and an untreated check without N in topdressing. In experiment 2, the factor A was doses of N: 0, 23, 46 and 69kg ha-1 in V4 stage and the same levels of N in R0 stage plus a check without N in topdressing. The plants were treated with 12.5 C during seven hours for four nights when the collar of the flag leaf was at the same height of the previous leaf. The following aspects were evaluated: grain yield; spikelet sterility; SPAD index at three, ten and sixteen days of low temperature treatment; number of panicles per plot and weight of 1000 grains. Spikelet sterility was not affected by the application of N in different stages or doses, by cold treatment or their interaction, but the cold treatment affected temporally the SPAD index with delaying panicle emerge. It is not necessary to modify the N applications for this variety in Uruguay.

17.
Ciênc. rural ; 38(5): 1439-1442, ago. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-488038

ABSTRACT

A utilização de fertilizantes foliares, aplicados ao final do ciclo da cultura do arroz irrigado, pode proporcionar complementação nutricional para a planta e proteção contra patógenos com reflexos na produtividade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a utilização de fertilizantes foliares, aplicados no estádio de emborrachamento, sobre a produtividade do arroz irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2005/2006, em área experimental de várzea do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 10 fertilizantes foliares, dois produtos aplicados via sementes, um fungicida e a testemunha. Os fertilizantes não influenciaram qualquer parâmetro avaliado. As condições climáticas e o manejo da adubação anterior à aplicação dos tratamentos foliares propiciaram condições favoráveis para o arroz expressar o seu potencial produtivo, em torno de 10.000kg ha-1. Neste nível de produtividade, os produtos utilizados não aumentaram a produtividade do arroz irrigado.


The use of foliar fertilizers applied to the reproductive phase of rice can improve the plant nutrition and protect the field against foliar diseases with gains in yield. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the use of the foliar fertilizers applied to the booting stage in order to verify the irrigated rice yield. The experiment was carried out in 2005/06 in a lowland area in Santa Maria-RS, Brazil. The treatments, arranged in a randomized block design with four replications, were constituted by 10 foliar fertilizers available in the market, two products applied to seeds, a fungicide, and a check treatment. The treatments presented no effects on any of the variables studied. The suitable climatic conditions and the fertilizer management carried out before the application of the foliar treatments led to the achievement of about 10,000 kg ha-1 yield, showing that there was no limitation on the level of yield obtained. The products utilized in this study did not increase the irrigated rice yield.

18.
Ciênc. rural ; 37(4): 936-941, jul.-ago. 2007. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-455345

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de população de plantas, doses de nitrogênio e aplicação de fungicida na parte aérea sobre a qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária dos grãos e sementes de arroz irrigado. O experimento foi realizado no ano agrícola 2003/04, no Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), em Santa Maria, RS. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três populações de plantas (150, 265, 380 plantas m-2), cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80, 120, 160kg ha-1 de N) e da aplicação de fungicida na parte aérea da cultura. A adubação nitrogenada foi aplicada em cobertura, sendo parcelada em duas épocas, a primeira aos 19 dias após a emergência (DAE), antes da entrada da água, e a segunda no momento da diferenciação do primórdio da panícula, aos 52 DAE. Não houve interação em terceiro grau para nenhum parâmetro avaliado. A elevação de doses de nitrogênio proporcionou maior teor de proteína nos grãos de arroz. A aplicação de fungicida contribui para a maior qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de arroz, elevando a germinação e o vigor e diminuindo a incidência de patógenos associados às sementes.


This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of plant densities, nitrogen rates and foliar diseases control on the physical, physiological and sanitary qualities of rice seeds. The experiment was conducted during 2003/2004 growing seasons in Santa Maria-RS, Brazil. The treatments were: three plant densities (150, 260 and 380 plants m-2), five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160kg ha-1), and control or no control of foliage diseases. The nitrogen fertilizer was top-dressed, and split in two times. There was no triple interaction among the parameters evaluated. Increasing nitrogen rates resulted in higher seed protein content. The chemical control of diseases contributed for better physiological and sanitary qualities such as better germination and vigor and lower incidence of pathogens associated with seeds.

19.
Ciênc. rural ; 37(4): 1161-1165, jul.-ago. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-455382

ABSTRACT

A recomendação da adubação e calagem dos cultivos no Rio Grande do Sul e em Santa Catarina é baseada em dados oficiais da pesquisa, sendo apoiada em resultados de análise de solo, histórico de manejo e na experiência técnica. Alguns softwares têm sido desenvolvidos como ferramenta de auxílio aos técnicos, porém, a recente modificação nas recomendações demanda construção de novos programas computacionais. Esse trabalho descreve um programa computacional que tem como objetivo fazer a recomendação, na forma digital, de fertilizantes e corretivos da acidez do solo a partir de informações contidas no Manual de Adubação e Calagem da CQFS, para as culturas produtoras de grãos, hortaliças e forrageiras. O programa foi desenvolvido em software Microsoft Excel®, apresentando interface principal em Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), e está disponível para download em http://coralx.ufsm.br/solos/cadub2.php. O CADUB GHF fornece as necessidades de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio (NPK) para a adubação de base e cobertura e a necessidade de calcário para as culturas produtoras de grãos, hortaliças e forrageiras. O CADUB GHF gera um laudo contendo os dados fornecidos e calculados, apresentando-o em forma de arquivo com extensão xls, que pode ser impresso e/ou salvo.


The fertilizers and lime recommendation for Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states is based on official guidelines and is supported on soil testing results, management history and technical experience. There are some softwares developed as a tool to help crop assistants recommend fertilizers, however, the recent modifications in the system demand to build new computer programs to accomplish this. This paper reports how a computer program aimed at making recommendation, in a digital form, of fertilizer and liming based on information suggested by official institutions manual for grain crops, horticulture and forages. The program was developed in Microsoft Excel with Visual Basic interface, and is available in http://coralx.ufsm.br/solos/cadub2.php. The CADUB GHF provides nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium needs for starting and dressing fertilizers and liming rate for grain crops, horticulture and forages. Also, it outputs a report including supplied and recommended data buy presenting it in an Excell form, which may be saved or printed.

20.
Ciênc. rural ; 37(3): 705-711, jun. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-450233

ABSTRACT

A primeira adubação nitrogenada em cobertura para o arroz irrigado por alagamento pode ser realizada em solo seco ou em lâmina de água, afetando a taxa de volatilização de amônia e, conseqüentemente, a eficiência da adubação nitrogenada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as perdas de N por volatilização de amônia com a aplicação de uréia em solo de várzea com diferentes níveis de umidade. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, utilizando-se vasos contendo 5kg de um Planossolo Hidromórfico que recebeu os tratamentos: N0 - testemunha sem aplicação de uréia (solo úmido); USSE - aplicação de uréia em solo seco; USUM - aplicação de uréia em solo úmido; USSA - aplicação de uréia em solo saturado; e USLA - aplicação de uréia em solo com lâmina de água. As avaliações das perdas de amônia foram realizadas com coletores tipo semi-aberto estático após 10, 24, 34, 48, 72, 96, 144, 192 e 264 horas da aplicação de uréia. Ao final das 264 horas de avaliação, as perdas de amônia foram equivalentes para os tratamentos com aplicação em solo úmido, saturado ou sob lâmina de água, sendo os maiores picos de emissão de amônia entre 34 e 48 horas para o solo úmido e o saturado e 72 horas para a lâmina de água. A aplicação de N-uréia sobre a lâmina de água não evitou as perdas de N por volatilização de amônia.


The first topdressing nitrogen (N) application to flooded rice can be done on dry soil or soil after ponding water, affecting ammonia volatilization rate and, consequently, nitrogen fertilization efficiency. This study was aimed at quantifing N losses by ammonia volatilization after urea application in a wetland soil with different soil water status. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using 5kg pots with a Albaqualf with following treatments: N0 - control without urea application (wet soil); USSE - urea application on dry soil; USUM - urea application on wet soil; USSA - application on saturated soil; and USLA - urea application on soil after ponding water. The ammonia loss evaluations were made using a semi-open static collector at 10, 24, 34, 48, 72, 96, 144, 192, and 264 hours after urea application. At the end of 264 hours, the ammonia losses were similar for wet, saturated or ponding water soils, and the higher emission peaks were between 34 and 48 hours in wet and saturated soils and 72 hours in soil after ponding water. The N-urea application on ponding water did not avoid the N losses by volatilization.

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