ABSTRACT
As the world's climate changes, life faces an evolving thermal environment. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is critical to ensure sufficient cellular energy production, and it is strongly influenced by temperature. The thermally induced changes to the regulation of specific steps within the OXPHOS process are poorly understood. In our study, we used the eurythermal species of planarian Dugesia tigrina to study the thermal sensitivity of the OXPHOS process at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. We conducted cold acclimation experiments where we measured the adjustment of specific steps in OXPHOS at two assay temperatures (10 and 20°C) following 4 weeks of acclimation under normal (22°C) or low (5°C) temperature conditions. At the low temperature, the contribution of the NADH pathway to the maximal OXPHOS capacity, in a combined pathway (NADH and succinate), was reduced. There was partial compensation by an increased contribution of the succinate pathway. As the temperature decreased, OXPHOS became more limited by the capacity of the phosphorylation system. Acclimation to the low temperature resulted in positive adjustments of the NADH pathway capacity due, at least in part, to an increase in complex I activity. The acclimation also resulted in a better match between OXPHOS and phosphorylation system capacities. Both of these adjustments following acclimation were specific to the low assay temperature. We conclude that there is substantial plasticity in the mitochondrial OXPHOS process following thermal acclimation in D. tigrina, and this probably contributes to the wide thermal range of the species.
Subject(s)
Mitochondria/metabolism , Planarians/physiology , Temperature , Acclimatization/physiology , Adaptation, Physiological , Animals , Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism , NAD/metabolism , Oxidative PhosphorylationABSTRACT
Xylocopa (Monoxylocopa) macambirae sp. nov. is described from specimens collected mainly in areas at moderately high altitude of Northeastern brazil, inside the caatinga semi-arid domain. Additionally, a complementary diagnosis for the subgenus is presented.
Subject(s)
Bees/classification , Animals , Bees/anatomy & histology , Female , MaleABSTRACT
Xylocopa (Monoxylocopa) macambirae sp. nov. is described from specimens collected mainly in areas at moderately high altitude of Northeastern brazil, inside the caatinga semi-arid domain. Additionally, a complementary diagnosis for the subgenus is presented.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Bees/classification , Bees/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Xylocopa (Monoxylocopa) abbreviata Hurd & Moure nidifica nas hastes de inflorescências de Encholirium spectabile (Bromeliaceae), que crescem expostas ao sol nos afloramentos rochosos das caatingas do semi-árido. No maior agregado, a densidade de X. abbreviata pode alcançar 1,7 ninho/haste e 20 ninhos/ha. Cada haste pode abrigar ninhos por cerca de três meses, apenas, mas a floração contínua e assincrônica na população de E. spectabile assegura oferta ao longo do ano todo. A haste é compacta, porém macia, e a fêmea escava uma única galeria linear em poucos dias. A galeria linear abriga, em média, cinco células de cria sem revestimento interno, que são separadas entre si por divisória elaborada com o material triturado do próprio substrato. A galeria fica isolada do meio externo por uma fina parede da haste. Quando perturbada, a fêmea fundadora bloqueia totalmente a entrada circular do ninho, com o dorso do seu abdome. Embora use um substrato de nidificação efêmero, esta espécie de Xylocopa apresenta várias gerações ao longo do ano. Colocam-se em perspectiva as restrições comportamentais e ecológicas relacionadas à escolha desse tipo de substrato conspícuo e efêmero. Argumenta-se que a escolha das hastes de Encholirium restringe a distribuição a porções de hábitats restritos do semi-árido e determina a relativa raridade de X. abbreviata nessa região do Brasil.
Females of Xylocopa (Monoxylocopa) abbreviata Hurd & Moure build their nests in the flower stalks of Encholirium spectabile (Bromeliaceae). This bromeliad grows clumped on rock outcrops exposed to direct sunlight in the semi-arid tropical caatingas of northeastern Brazil. In the largest aggregation of E. spectabile, X. abbreviata reached 1,7 nests/stalk and around 20 nests/ha. The stalks are available as nest site after fruiting, and can be used for three months before final decaying. However the flowering asynchronism within local population assures good stalks almost all year round. The flower stalk is filled with a soft pulp where the female dig a single linear nest gallery in a few days. The single linear gallery keeps five brood cells, on average. The top of each cell is delimitated with the powdered material from the stalk pulp, and no lining bee material was observed on the inner cell walls. The cell gallery is isolated from the outside by a thin stalk wall that is exposed to direct sunlight. When disturbed the founder female blocks the entrance with the dorsum of its abdomen. Although using an ephemeral nesting substrata, X. abbreviata presented several generations all year round. Ecological and behavioral constraints upon this Xylocopa species are discussed concerning the tight association with the conspicuous and ephemeral stalks of E. spectabile. This association is also assumed to determine the patchy distribution and the rarity of X. abbreviata in the semi-arid region.
