The use of fisheries resources in the Brazilian patent system.

Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of patents related to products and/or processes from aquatic organisms. Therefore, this paper aims to identify patent documents related to fishery resources available in the Brazilian patent system of the National Institute of Industrial Property. The research involved patents deposited/provided between 1999 and 2019, with the search in the system occurring through the descriptors: fish(s), mollusk(s), crustacean(s), and algae(s). A total of 363 records were found, where the group of fish presented the highest representation (40%), followed by algae (35%), crustaceans (14%), and mollusks (10%). The apex of 34 patent applications was found in the year 2011. Moreover, the results showed that the inventions registered are directed mainly to food, drugs, biocides, cosmetics, cultivation, processing and beneficiation, water treatment, patents for sustainable technologies (green patents), and biotechnology. Brazil holds most patent applications, followed by the United States of America (USA), which focuses its patent applications mainly on algae and fish. Considering the Brazilian biodiversity and the country's technological development in recent years, Brazil needs to expand its technological autonomy and competitive capacity in the aquaculture and fisheries sector, mainly through the strengthening of R&D and innovation activities.

Postactivation Potentiation Improves Performance in a Resistance Training Session in Trained Men.

ABSTRACT: Alves, RR, Viana, RB, Silva, MH, Guimarães, TC, Vieira, CA, Santos, DdAT, and Gentil, PRV. Postactivation potentiation improves performance in a resistance training session in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3296-3299, 2021-This study aims to analyze the influence of postactivation potentiation (PAP) on performance during a resistance training (RT) session in trained individuals. Fourteen trained men (25.0 ± 3.5 years; 89.9 ± 16.3 kg; 1.77 ± 0:08 m; 28.0 ± 4.0 kg·m-2; and 5 ± 4 years of RT experience) were tested in 2 situations: with PAP and without PAP (CON). Both situations involved 3 sets of the bench press exercise performed to muscle failure at 75% of the 1 repetition maximum load and with 1.5-minute interval between sets. Total work was greater (p < 0.001) for PAP (1,601 ± 504 kg) than for CON (1,379 ± 364 kg). The number of repetitions performed in the first and second sets of PAP (11.5 ± 3.1 and 6.5 ± 1.9, respectively) were greater (p < 0.05) than those performed in CON (10.4 ± 2.7, 5.5 ± 1.8, respectively). No significant difference was found in the number of repetitions in the last set between the situations. The present study suggests that PAP might be beneficial to improve total work and performance during multiple sets of RT in trained men. Therefore, PAP might be used during RT to promote higher total work and potentially increase results over long term. Thus, the protocol can use in sports centers, fitness centers, and gyms per coaches and athletes to increase performance and total work in trained individuals.

Biological evaluation of zinc-containing calcium alginate-hydroxyapatite composite microspheres for bone regeneration.

Zinc is an important element for bone structure and metabolism. Its interaction with hydroxyapatite has been investigated for the improvement of bone repair. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo biological response to nanostructured calcium alginate-hydroxyapatite (HA) and zinc-containing HA (ZnHA). Cytocompatibility was evaluated by applying PrestoBlue reagent after exposing murine pre-osteoblast cells to extracts of each biomaterial microspheres. After physical and chemical characterization, the biomaterial microspheres were implanted in a critical size calvaria defect (8 mm) in Wistar rats (n = 30) that were randomly divided into the HA and ZnHA groups. Tissue samples were evaluated through histological and histomorphometric analyses after 1, 3, and 6 months (n = 5). The results showed cellular viability for both groups compared to the negative control, and no differences in metabolic activity were observed. The HA group presented a significant reduction of biomaterial compared with the ZnHA group in all experimental periods; however, a considerable amount of new bone formation was observed surrounding the ZnHA spheres at the 6-month time point compared with the HA group (p < .05). Both biomaterials were biocompatible, and the combination of zinc with hydroxyapatite was shown to improve bone repair.

Effects of equal-volume resistance training with different training frequencies in muscle size and strength in trained men.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of equal-volume resistance training (RT) performed with different training frequencies on muscle size and strength in trained young men. METHODS: Sixteen men with at least one year of RT experience were divided into two groups, G1 and G2, that trained each muscle group once and twice a week, respectively, for 10 weeks. Elbow flexor muscle thickness (MT) was measured using a B-Mode ultrasound and concentric peak torque of elbow extensors and flexors were assessed by an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: ANOVA did not reveal group by time interactions for any variable, indicating no difference between groups for the changes in MT or PT of elbow flexors and extensors. Notwithstanding, MT of elbow flexors increased significantly (3.1%, P < 0.05) only in G1. PT of elbow flexors and extensors did not increase significantly for any group. DISCUSSION: The present study suggest that there were no differences in the results promoted by equal-volume resistance training performed once or twice a week on upper body muscle strength in trained men. Only the group performing one session per week significantly increased the MT of their elbow flexors. However, with either once or twice a week training, adaptations appear largely minimal in previously trained males.

Mg substituted apatite coating from alkali conversion of acidic calcium phosphate.

In this work, two solutions were developed: the first, rich in Ca2+, PO43- ions and the second, rich in Ca2+, PO43- and Mg2+, defined as Mg-modified precursor solution. For each Mg-modified precursor solution, the concentrations of Mg2+ ions were progressively increased by 5%, 10% and 15%wt. The aims of this research were to investigate the influence of magnesium ions substitution in calcium phosphate coatings on titanium surface and to evaluate these coatings by bioactivity assay in McCoy culture medium. The obtained coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and the presence of Mg ions was confirmed by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP) analysis. In vitro bioactivity assay in McCoy culture medium showed bioactivity after 14days in incubation for the HA and 10% Mg-monetite coatings. The high chemical stability of Mg-HA coatings was verified by the bioactivity assays, and no bone-like apatite deposition, characteristic of bioactivity, was observed for Mg-HA coatings, for the time period used in this study.

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy study of nanostructured hydroxyapatite.

Crystalline properties of synthetic nanostructured hydroxyapatite (n-HA) were studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The focal-series-restoration technique, obtaining exit-plane wavefunction and spherical aberration-corrected images, was successfully applied for the first time in this electron-beam-susceptible material. Multislice simulations and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were also employed to determine unequivocally that n-HA particles of different size preserve stoichiometric HA-like crystal structure. n-HA particles with sizes of twice the HA lattice parameter were found. These results can be used to optimize n-HA sinterization parameters to improve bioactivity.

In vitro cellular response to titanium electrochemically coated with hydroxyapatite compared to titanium with three different levels of surface roughness.

The in vitro response of primary human osteoblast-like (HOB) cells to a novel hydroxyapatite (HA) coated titanium substrate, produced by a low temperature electrochemical method, was compared to three different titanium surfaces: as-machined, Al(2)O(3)-blasted, plasma-sprayed with titanium particles. HOB cells were cultured on different surfaces for 3, 7 and 14 days at 37 degrees C. The cell morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cell growth and proliferation were assessed by the measurement of total cellular DNA and tritiated thymidine incorporation. Measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production was used as an indicator of the phenotype of the cultured HOB cells. After three days incubation, the electrochemically coated HA surface produced the highest level of cell proliferation, and the Al(2)O(3)-blasted surface the lowest. Interestingly, as the incubation time was increased to 7 days all surfaces produced a large drop in tritiated thymidine incorporation apart from the Al(2)O(3)-blasted surface, which showed a small increase. Cells cultured on all four surfaces showed an increased expression of ALP with increased incubation time, although there was not a statistically significant difference between surfaces at each time point. Typical osteoblast morphology was observed for cells cultured on all samples. The HA coated sample showed evidence of a deposited phase after three days of incubation, which was not observed on any other surface. Cells incubated on the HA coated substrate appeared to exhibit the highest number of cell processes attaching to the surface, which was indicative of optimal cell attachment. The crystalline HA coating, produced by a low temperature route, appeared to result in a more bioactive surface on the c.p. Ti substrate than was observed for the other three different Ti surfaces.