Physical, Nutritional, and Bioactive Properties of Mandacaru Cladode Flour (Cereus jamacaru DC.): An Unconventional Food Plant from the Semi-Arid Brazilian Northeast.

In this study, we evaluated the physical, nutritional, and bioactive properties of mandacaru cladode flour (Cereus jamacaru DC.). The granulometric profile revealed particles with non-uniform geometry, flakiness, a rectangular tendency, and a non-homogeneous surface, with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 60 µm. The flour presented low water activity (0.423), a moisture content of 8.24 g/100 g, high ash (2.82 g/100 g), protein (5.18 g/100 g), and total carbohydrate contents (74.48 g/100 g), and low lipid contents (1.88 g/100 g). Mandacaru flour is an excellent source of insoluble dietary fiber (48.08 g/100 g), calcium (76.33%), magnesium (15.21%), and potassium (5.94%). Notably, 1H NMR analysis revealed the presence of N-methyltyramine. Using HPLC chromatography, glucose was identified as the predominant sugar (1.33 g/100 g), followed by four organic acids, especially malic acid (9.41 g/100 g) and citric acid (3.96 g/100 g). Eighteen phenolic compounds were detected, with relevant amounts of kaempferol (99.40 mg/100 g), myricetin (72.30 mg/100 g), and resveratrol (17.84 mg/100 g). The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were 1285.47 mg GAE/100 g and 15.19 mg CE/100 g, respectively. The mean in vitro antioxidant activity values were higher using the FRAP method (249.45 µmol Trolox TEAC/100 g) compared to the ABTS•+ method (0.39 µmol Trolox TEAC/g). Finally, the ascorbic acid had a content of 35.22 mg/100 g. The results demonstrate the value of mandacaru as a little-explored species and an excellent matrix for the development of flours presenting good nutritional value and bioactive constituents with excellent antioxidant potential.

Investigating the Correlation between the Microstructure and Electrical Properties of FeSbO4 Ceramics.

FeSbO4 powder was prepared using the solid-state reaction method in this work. Afterward, the dense and porous ceramics were obtained by sintering the pressed powder calcined at temperatures of 900 and 1000 °C for 4 h. Rietveld profile analysis of the X-ray powder diffraction data showed that FeSbO4 adopts the trirutile-type structure (space group P42/mnm, with a ≅ 4.63 Å and c ≅ 9.23 Å). SEM images showed that the powder calcined at 900 °C after being sintered at 1200 °C resulted in ceramics of higher crystallinity, larger grains, and consequently, low porosity. The dielectric properties were measured in the frequency range of 10−1 Hz−1 MHz as a function of temperature (25−250 °C). The real (σ') and imaginary (σ″) parts of the complex conductivity increase with rising annealing temperature for both samples. The real conductivity in the AC region for 𝑓 = 100 kHz was 1.59×10−6 S·cm−1 and 7.04×10−7 S·cm−1 for the ceramic samples obtained from the powder calcined at 900 (C-900) and 1000 °C (C-1000), respectively. Furthermore, the dielectric constants (k') measured at room temperature and f=100 kHz were 13.77 (C-900) and 6.27 (C-1000), while the activation energies of the grain region were Ea = 0.53 eV and Ea = 0.49 eV, respectively. Similar activation energy (Ea = 0.52 eV and 0.49 eV) was also obtained by the brick-layer model and confirmed by the adjustment of activation energy by DC measurements which indicated an absence of the porosity influence on the parameter. Additionally, loss factor values were obtained to be equal to 3.8 (C-900) and 5.99 (C-1000) for measurements performed at 100 Hz, suggesting a contribution of the conductivity originated from the combination or accommodation of the pores in the grain boundary region. Our results prove that the microstructural factors that play a critical role in the electrical and dielectric properties are the average grain size and the porosity interspersed with the grain boundary region.

Autophagy buffers Ras-induced genotoxic stress enabling malignant transformation in keratinocytes primed by human papillomavirus

Malignant transformation involves an orchestrated rearrangement of cell cycle regulation mechanisms that must balance autonomic mitogenic impulses and deleterious oncogenic stress. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is highly prevalent in populations around the globe, whereas the incidence of cervical cancer is 0.15%. Since HPV infection primes cervical keratinocytes to undergo malignant transformation, we can assume that the balance between transforming mitogenic signals and oncogenic stress is rarely attained. We showed that highly transforming mitogenic signals triggered by HRasG12V activity in E6E7–HPV–keratinocytes generate strong replication and oxidative stresses. These stresses are counteracted by autophagy induction that buffers the rapid increase of ROS that is the main cause of genotoxic stress promoted by the oncoprotein. As a result, autophagy creates a narrow window of opportunity for malignant keratinocytes to emerge. This work shows that autophagy is crucial to allow the transition of E6E7 keratinocytes from an immortalized to a malignant state caused by HRasG12V.

Bioactive Compounds from the Aerial Parts of Evolvulus linarioides.

Three new caryophyllane-type sesquiterpenoids, linariophyllenes A-C (1-3), two new hamamelitol derivatives, linaritols A (4) and B (5), two new chromones, linariosides A (6) and B (7), and three known chromones, cnidimol C (8), monnieriside A (9), and undulatoside A (10), were identified from the aerial parts of Evolvulus linarioides. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by NMR, MS, and IR data. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-5 and 7 were established via electronic circular dichroism data. The anti-inflammatory potential of compounds 1-5 and 7-10 was evaluated by determining their ability to inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß by stimulated J774 macrophages. Compounds tested at noncytotoxic concentrations inhibited NO production by macrophages, exhibiting IC50 values between 17.8 and 66.2 µM, and inhibited IL-1ß production by stimulated macrophages by 72.7-96.2%.

Comparative Analysis of the Minimum Number of Replication Origins in Trypanosomatids and Yeasts.

Single-celled eukaryote genomes predominantly replicate through multiple origins. Although origin usage during the S-phase has been elucidated in some of these organisms, few studies have comparatively approached this dynamic. Here, we developed a user-friendly website able to calculate the length of the cell cycle phases for any organism. Next, using a formula developed by our group, we showed a comparative analysis among the minimum number of replication origins (MO) required to duplicate an entire chromosome within the S-phase duration in trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania major, and Trypanosoma brucei) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Using the data obtained by our analysis, it was possible to predict the MO required in a situation of replication stress. Also, our findings allow establishing a threshold for the number of origins, which serves as a parameter for genome approaches that map origins. Moreover, our data suggest that when compared to yeasts, trypanosomatids use much more origins than the minimum needed. This is the first time a comparative analysis of the minimum number of origins has been successfully applied. These data may provide new insight into the understanding of the replication mechanism and a new methodological framework for studying single-celled eukaryote genomes.

Flavanones from aerial parts of Cordia globosa (Jacq.) Kunth, Boraginaceae / Flavanonas isoladas das partes aéreas de Cordia globosa (Jacq.) Kunth (Boraginaceae)

The phytochemical analysis of aerial parts of Cordia globosa, collected in the Municipality of Picuí, State of Paraíba, Brazil, resulted in the isolation and structural identification of narigenin-4',7-dimethyl ether (0.025 g) and eriodictyol (0.015 g). These compounds are the first flavanones aglycones isolated from the genus Cordia.

A análise fitoquímica das partes aéreas de Cordia globosa, coletadas no município de Picuí, PB, Brasil, resultou no isolamento e identificação estrutural da 7,4'-dimetilnarigenina (0,025 g) e eriodictiol (0,015 g). Estas duas flavanonas são as primeiras agliconas, desta classe, isoladas no gênero Cordia.

O Ácido (8)17,12E,14-labdatrieno-18-óico (labdano302), diterpeno tipo labdano isolado de Xylopia langsdorffiana St. Hil. & Tul. (Annonaceae) relaxa a traquéia isolada de cobaia / The (8)17,12E,14-labdatrien-18-oic acid (labdane302), labdane-type diterpene isolated from Xylopia langsdorffiana St. Hil. & Tul. (Annonaceae) relaxes the guinea-pig trachea

A espécie Xylopia langsdorffiana St. Hil.. & Tul. é popularmente conhecida como "pimenteira-da-terra" no Sudeste do Brasil. A partir do fracionamento do extrato etanólico, obtido das cascas do caule desta espécie, foi isolado um diterpeno tipo labdano, identificado como sendo o ácido 8(17),12E,14-labdatrieno-18-óico, e que neste trabalho é codificado como labdano302. O labdano302 relaxou o tônus basal dos anéis de traquéia isolada de cobaia com um valor de CE50 de 6,7 ± 0,5 x 10-8 M. O diterpeno labdano302 relaxou de maneira dependente de concentração os anéis pré-contraídos com carbacol (10-6 M), tanto na presença (CE50 = 1,4 ± 0,7 x 10-5 M) como na ausência de epitélio funcional (CE50 = 1,5 ± 0,3 x 10-5 M), bem como anéis pré-contraídos com 18 ou 60 mM de KCl, apresentando valores de CE50 de 2,3 ± 0,4 x 10(7) M e 1,8 ± 0,8 x 10-5 M, respectivamente. Este efeito relaxante, sobre as contrações induzidas por 18 mM de KCl, tanto foi significantemente mais potente quanto mais eficaz quando comparado ao efeito sobre as contrações induzidas por 60 mM de KCl. Assim, labdano302 mostra um efeito relaxante em traquéia isolada de cobaia, tanto em seu tônus basal como sob estímulo contrátil, aparentemente sem a participação dos fatores relaxantes derivados do epitélio, contudo com possível participação dos canais de K+.

Xylopia langsdorfiana St. Hil. & Tul. is popularly known as "pimenteira-da-terra" in Southeast of Brazil. The fractionation of the ethanol extract obtained from the stem-bark of this species yielded a labdane-type diterpene identified as 8(17),12E,14-labdatrien-18-oic acid, referred here as labdane302. In this study, we investigated the effect of labdane302 in guinea-pig trachea. labdane302 relaxed the basal tonus of trachea rings with EC50 value of 6.7 ± 0.5 x 10-8 M. The diterpene labdane302 relaxed the pre-contracted rings by carbachol 10-6 M both in the presence (EC50 = 1.4 ± 0.7 x 10-5 M) and absence of functional epithelium (EC50 = 1.5 ± 0.3 x 10-5 M), as well as pre-contracted by KCl 18 mM or 60 mM, presented EC50 values of 2.3 ± 0.4 x 10-7 M and 1.8 ± 0.8 x 10-5 M, respectively. This relaxant effect, upon contractions induced by KCl 18 mM, was more potent as well as more efficient than the one presented with KCl 60 mM pre-contracted rings. The labdane-type diterpene labdane302 shows the relaxant effect in isolated guinea-pig trachea, pre-contracted or upon basal tonus, apparently without participation of epithelium-derived relaxant factors, but apparently involving activation of K+ channels.

Natural products with antileprotic activity

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacillus. It was considered to be an incurable disease for ages. Nowadays leprosy is a vanishing disease although we can meet it principally in the tropical zone countries. Brazil has the second greatest number of leprosy cases around the world with almost 30,000 new cases diagnosed in 2005. The present work constitutes a literature review on plant extracts and chemically defined molecules of natural origin showing antileprotic activity. The review refers to 11 plants, their families, and geographical distribution, the utilized parts, the type of extract and the tested organism. It also includes 17 compounds isolated from higher plants and microorganisms, classified into appropriate chemical groups. Some aspects of recent antileprotic-activity-directed research on natural products are discussed. For this purpose 63 references were consulted.

A hanseníase é uma doença crônica infecciosa ocasionada pelo Mycobacterium leprae. Foi considerada incurável por muitos anos. Atualmente a lepra é uma doença em desaparecimento, apesar de podermos encontrá-la principalmente nos países da zona tropical. O Brasil é o país que tem o segundo maior número de casos de lepra ao redor do mundo com quase 30.000 novos casos diagnosticados em 2005. Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a literatura dos vegetais e substâncias de origem natural com atividade antileprótica. Foram encontradas 11 plantas e 17 substâncias isoladas de plantas e microrganismos que foram classificados em grupos químicos adequados. Alguns aspectos de pesquisa recente com produtos naturais direcionados à produção de drogas contra a lepra também são discutidos. Foram consultadas 63 referências.

Pimarane diterpenes and a sesquiterpene from Salzmmania nitida.

Two new terpenoids, (+)-3-oxo-thermarol and 11-acetoxyeudesman-4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ol along with the (+)- thermarol were isolated from the aerial parts of Salzmmania nitida. The structures and unambiguous 1H and 13C chemical shift assignments were established by spectroscopic means, including homo and heteronuclear techniques.

Pimarane Diterpenes and a Sesquiterpene from Salzmmania nitida

O estudo fitoquímico de Salzmmania nitida D.C. (Rubiaceae) conduziu ao isolamento e identificação de dois novos terpenoides, (+)-3-oxo-thermarol e 11-acetoxi-4alfa-metil-5alfa-eudesmanol além do (+)-termarol. As estruturas foram estabelecidas com base na análise de espectros de IV, Massas e RMN de 1H e 13C (1D e 2D).