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1.
J Pediatr (Rio J) ; 88(6): 509-17, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23269106

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare spirometry and volumetric capnography (VCap) to determine if the capnographic values add more information about early lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving CF patients: Group I (42 patients, 6-12 years of age); and Group II (22 patients, 13-20 years of age). The corresponding control groups were comprised of 30 and 50 healthy subjects, respectively. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)), and the FEV(1)/FVC ratio was determined by spirometry. Using VCap, we measured peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), respiratory rate (RR), inspiratory time (IT), expiratory time (ET), and the phase III slope normalized by expiratory volume (phase III slope/Ve). RESULTS: In comparison with control groups, all CF patients presented higher phase III slope/Ve values (p < 0.001) independent of the pulmonary disease stage. The phase III slope/Ve was significantly higher in the 24 patients who presented normal spirometry results (p = 0.018). The Group II patients showed lower FVC, FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC (p < 0.05), and also lower SpO(2) values (p < 0.001) when compared with Group I patients. In comparison with Control Group II, the Group II patients presented higher RR (p < 0.001), and lower IT and ET values (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the controls, all studied CF patients showed an increase in phase III slope/Ve values. VCap identified the heterogeneity of the ventilation distribution in the peripheral airways of CF patients who presented normal spirometry.


Subject(s)
Capnography/methods , Cystic Fibrosis/physiopathology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Lung/physiopathology , Spirometry/methods , Adolescent , Case-Control Studies , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Early Diagnosis , Female , Forced Expiratory Volume , Humans , Male , Tidal Volume , Young Adult
2.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 88(6): 509-517, nov.-dez. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-662545

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Comparar a espirometria e a capnografia volumétrica (CapV) para determinar se os valores amostrados pela capnografia acrescentam informações sobre doenças pulmonares precoces em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC). MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo do tipo corte transversal envolvendo pacientes com FC: Grupo I (42 pacientes, 6-12 anos de idade) e Grupo II (22 pacientes, 13-20 anos de idade). Os grupos controle correspondentes eram formados por 30 e 50 indivíduos saudáveis, respectivamente. A capacidade vital forçada (CVF), o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e a relação VEF1/CVF foram determinados pela espirometria. Através da CapV, medimos a saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), a frequência respiratória (FR), o tempo inspiratório (TI), o tempo expiratório (TE) e o slope da fase III normalizado pelo volume corrente (slope da fase III/Vc). RESULTADOS: Em comparação com os grupos controle, todos os pacientes com FC apresentaram valores de slope da fase III/Vc (p < 0,001) mais altos independentemente do estágio de doença pulmonar. O slope da fase III/Vc foi significantemente mais alto nos 24 pacientes que tiveram resultados normais de espirometria (p = 0,018). Os pacientes do Grupo II apresentaram valores de CVF, VEF1, VEF1/CVF (p < 0,05) e SpO2 (p < 0,001) mais baixos que os pacientes do Grupo I. Os pacientes do Grupo II, comparados com os do Grupo Controle II, apresentaram FR (p < 0,001) mais alta e valores de TI e TE (p < 0,001) mais baixos. CONCLUSÕES: Todos os pacientes com FC mostraram ter valores mais altos de slope da fase III/Vc quando comparados com os pacientes dos grupos controle. A CapV identificou a heterogeneidade da distribuição da ventilação nas vias aéreas periféricas dos pacientes com FC que apresentaram espirometria normal.


OBJECTIVE: To compare spirometry and volumetric capnography (VCap) to determine if the capnographic values add more information about early lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving CF patients: Group I (42 patients, 6-12 years of age); and Group II (22 patients, 13-20 years of age). The corresponding control groups were comprised of 30 and 50 healthy subjects, respectively. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the FEV1/FVC ratio was determined by spirometry. Using VCap, we measured peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR), inspiratory time (IT), expiratory time (ET), and the phase III slope normalized by expiratory volume (phase III slope/Ve). RESULTS: In comparison with control groups, all CF patients presented higher phase III slope/Ve values (p < 0.001) independent of the pulmonary disease stage. The phase III slope/Ve was significantly higher in the 24 patients who presented normal spirometry results (p = 0.018). The Group II patients showed lower FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC (p < 0.05), and also lower SpO2 values (p < 0.001) when compared with Group I patients. In comparison with Control Group II, the Group II patients presented higher RR (p < 0.001), and lower IT and ET values (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the controls, all studied CF patients showed an increase in phase III slope/Ve values. VCap identified the heterogeneity of the ventilation distribution in the peripheral airways of CF patients who presented normal spirometry.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Capnography/methods , Cystic Fibrosis/physiopathology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Lung/physiopathology , Spirometry/methods , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Early Diagnosis , Forced Expiratory Volume , Tidal Volume
3.
AIDS ; 25(17): 2079-87, 2011 Nov 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21866040

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cell-mediated immune response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination in uninfected, HIV-1-exposed infants, comparing it with unexposed children. DESIGN: It is designed as a cross-sectional study. METHODS: BCG-specific lymphoproliferation and T-cell subsets (CD4(+), CD8(+) and TCR γδ(+)) by flow cytometry and interleukin-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentration by ELISA were analyzed in HIV-exposed and unexposed infants. Whole blood lymphocyte immunophenotyping and blood counts were performed in exposed children. Nonparametric tests were used (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Given the ontogeny of the immune system, exposed infants were separated into three groups according to age: exposed 1 (E1, aged 6.1-8.8 months), E2 (aged 9.1-17.1 months) and E3 (aged 18.1-26.3 months). Unexposed infants (UE group) and E1 were matched for age. Cell proliferation was not different among the three exposed groups, neither for BCG nor for phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cultures. Furthermore, BCG-stimulated lymphoproliferation was reduced in the E1 group in comparison with the UE group. T-lymphocyte subpopulations also showed differences, with the youngest HIV-exposed groups (E1 and E2) showing a predominant proliferation of CD4(+) T cells in cultures with BCG, whereas E3 and UE groups had a robust γδ(+) T-cell expansion. There was lower IFN-γ concentration in the samples from E1 group in comparison with all of the other groups. The unexposed infants showed higher TNF-α concentration in cultures with BCG and PHA in comparison with E1 group. CONCLUSION: BCG-specific T-cell proliferation was reduced in HIV-exposed uninfected infants and IFN-γ concentration was lower in younger exposed infants, showing a delay in immune system maturation of HIV-exposed infants.


Subject(s)
BCG Vaccine/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , HIV Seropositivity/immunology , HIV-1/immunology , Interferon-gamma/blood , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Case-Control Studies , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Flow Cytometry , Humans , Immunophenotyping , Infant , Interleukin-10/blood , Lymphocyte Activation , Male , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/blood
4.
Pediatr Dev Pathol ; 13(3): 184-91, 2010.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19968485

ABSTRACT

To gain further knowledge on the subject we evaluated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gene expression and TCD4+, TCD8+, and B lymphocyte counts in lung tissue samples from 20 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children with chronic lung disease. Twenty HIV-1 infected children with chronic pulmonary disease underwent open lung biopsy to define the diagnosis. Histological section of this material was submitted to nonisotopic in situ hybridization (ISH) using EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) 1/2 probes and TCD4+, TCD8+, and CD20+ B-cell counts by immunohistochemistry. The histology of 16 out of the 20 children (median age 53.5 months) proved to be examples of pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia/lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (PLH/LIP) complex, 13 of which were EBER positive, but no significant association was found (Fisher exact test P = 0.439). Four patients had non-LIP diseases (3, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia; 1, diffuse advanced alveolar damage), two being EBER negative. Nineteen children showed a predominant T-CD8+ cell response (CD4+/CD8+ <1) in lung tissue. The mean TCD4+ and theTCD4/TCD8 ratio in lung tissue were significantly higher in the sections with PLH/LIP complex, but without significant difference between EBER positive and EBER negative samples. EBV gene expression was detected in the majority of the lung samples but without significant association with PLH/LIP complex or with TCD4+, TCD8+, B cells and the TCD4+/TCD8+ ratio. Regarding the pattern of lung disease in HIV-1 infected children, associated or not to EBV, the findings are of importance concerning the possible role of EBV in the pathogenesis of PLH/LIP.


Subject(s)
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology , Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/physiology , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/isolation & purification , Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/virology , Adolescent , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , B-Lymphocytes/pathology , Biopsy , Brazil , CD4-CD8 Ratio , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/pathology , Female , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/pathology , Humans , In Situ Hybridization , Infant , Lung/immunology , Lung/pathology , Lung/virology , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/pathology , Male , RNA, Viral/analysis
5.
J Pediatr (Rio J) ; 81(6): 466-70, 2005.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16385364

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between time on mechanical ventilation and anthropometric, clinical and pulmonary function variables, measured early, in infants on invasive mechanical ventilation with acute respiratory failure due to viral bronchiolitis, and the temporal progression of variables with significant correlations. METHODS: Twenty-nine infants admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of UNICAMP university hospital were studied. Acute viral bronchiolitis was defined according to clinical and radiological criteria. Children with chronic diseases and those that were hemodynamically unstable were excluded. All measurements were taken after 24 to 72 hours' mechanical ventilation, using volumetric capnography and blood gas analysis. Mechanical ventilation time was divided into: < or = 7 days and > 7 days. Association between time on mechanical ventilation and the variables analyzed was determined by Spearman's Correlation Coefficient (r(s)). RESULTS: Time on mechanical ventilation showed a significant positive correlation with PaCO(2) (rs = 0.45, p = 0.01) and ventilation index (rs = 0.51, p = 0.005), and a negative correlation with pH (rs = -0.40, p = 0.03). Ventilation indices of 37, measured between day one and day five, was associated with a progressively increased risk of more than 7 days on mechanical ventilation (OR = 4.2 on the first day to 15.71 on the fourth day). CONCLUSIONS: Ventilation index, PaCO(2) and pH, measured early, were associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation, reflecting the severity of ventilatory disturbance and the need for support.


Subject(s)
Bronchiolitis, Viral/complications , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Acute Disease , Female , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Prospective Studies , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Respiratory Function Tests , Respiratory Insufficiency/virology , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Time Factors
6.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 81(6): 466-470, nov.-dez. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-424435

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre tempo de ventilação mecânica e variáveis antropométricas, clínicas e de função pulmonar, precocemente, em lactentes com insuficiência respiratória por bronquiolite viral aguda em ventilação mecânica invasiva, e a evolução temporal das variáveis significativamente correlacionadas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 29 lactentes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP, com diagnóstico de bronquiolite viral aguda, definido por critérios clínicos e radiológicos. Lactentes com doenças crônicas ou instabilidade hemodinâmica foram excluídos. Todas as medidas foram feitas entre 24 e 72 horas em ventilação mecânica, usando capnografia volumétrica e análise dos gases sangüíneos. O tempo de ventilação mecânica foi dividido em: menor ou igual que 7 dias e maior que 7 dias. A associação entre o tempo de ventilação e as variáveis analisadas foi determinada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (r s) RESULTADOS: O tempo de ventilação mecânica apresentou correlação positiva significativa com a PaCO2 (r s = 0,45, p = 0,01) e com o índice de ventilação (r s = 0,51, p = 0,005), e negativa com o pH (r s = -0,40, p = 0,03). índice de ventilação com valor de 37, avaliado do primeiro ao quinto dia, foi associado a risco progressivamente aumentado de tempo de ventilação mecânica maior que 7 dias (OR = 4,2 no primeiro dia a 15,71 no quarto dia) CONCLUSÕES: índice ventilatório, PaCO2 e pH, precocemente medidos, foram associados com tempo prolongado em ventilação mecânica, refletindo a gravidade do distúrbio ventilatório e necessidade de suporte.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Bronchiolitis, Viral/complications , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Acute Disease , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Prospective Studies , Respiratory Function Tests , Risk Factors , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Respiratory Insufficiency/virology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Time Factors
7.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 77(3): 209-218, maio-jun. 2001. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-299226

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: a hipergamaglobulinemia é uma manifestação precoce da infecção perinatal por HIV. O objetivo foi analisar as diferenças nos níveis séricos de inoglobulinas entre crianças infectadas e sororreversoras e sua associação com a evolução clínica. Métodos: em um estudo prospectivo histórico, avaliaram-se 107 crianças infectadas e 90 sororreversoras. Comparam-se: IgA, IgG IgM entre infectados e sororreversores nos primeiros meses de vida; IgA, IgG IgM como marcadores indiretos de infecção; IgA, IgG e IgM nos 5 primeiros anos em infectados de acordo com a evolução clínica. Utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney para a comparação entre grupos. Na avaliação de marcadores indiretos, analisaram-se sensibilidade, especificidade, valores positivos e negativo, e índice J. Resultados: infectados, em relação a sororreversores, apresentaram níveis significativos superiores de IgM do 1§ ao 5§trimestre; IgA e IgG, do 2§ ao 6§ trimestre (P menor ou igual 0,05). Os níveis de IgA maior ou igual a 90mg/dl no 2§ trimestre e IgG maior ou igual a 1.700mg/dl ou 1.200mg/dl no 2§ e 3§ trimestres associaram-se à infecção por HIV com índices J de 0,97, 0,92 e 0,93, respectivamente. Crianças infectadas nas categorias B e C, comparadas àquelas nas categorias N e A, apresentaram níveis superiores de IgM do 2§ ao 4§ ano e IgA do 3§ ao 5§ ano (P menor ou igual a 0,05). Conclusões: a evolução temporal dos níveis de IgA, IgG e IgM demonstra um estímulo intenso e precoce à síntese de imunoglobulinas em infectados. Indicadores clínico-epidemiológicos demonstram que tais níveis podem ser marcadores indiretos de infecção. Níveis superiores de IgM e IgA do 2§ ao 5§ ano em crianças infectadas com maior gravidade sugerem disfunção na regulação imune secundária ao estímulo antigênico persistente


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Hypergammaglobulinemia , HIV
8.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 74(4): 338-42, jul.-ago. 1998. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-234924

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Descrever um caso de hemangioendotelioma kaposiforme, único tumor malígno de origem vascular específico da infância. Métodos: Relata-se o caso de lactente do sexo feminino com 40 dias de vida que apresentava um hemagioma gigante da face. O tumor evoluiu com crescimento rápido levando à compressäo da laringe com insuficiência grave. A criança tinha ainda uma coagulopatia trombocitopênica de consumo (síndrome de Kasabach-Merritt). Resultados: Ela foi admitica à UTI Pediátrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas e foi iniciada ventilaçäo mecânica. O tratamento durante dez dias com dexametasona levou à melhora por curto período. Foi inciado interferon alfa-2a na dose de 1,8 milhöes de unidades/m²/dia por via subcutânea, porém a paciente foi à óbito 4 dias após o início dessa terapia. A necrópcia revelou o diagnóstico de um hemangioendotelioma kapasiforme. Conclusäo: Discutem-se a evoluçäo fatal pouco freqüente de um hemangioma gigante e suas complicaçöes hematológicas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Hemangioendothelioma/therapy , Hemangioma/therapy , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Intensive Care Units , Interferon Inducers/therapeutic use , Respiration, Artificial
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