Dificultades y vulnerabilidades de la niñez migrante durante la pandemia por covid-19 / Difficulties and vulnerabilities for migrant children in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic / Perspectivas das crianças migrantes no Chile durante a pandemia da Covid-19

(analítico) Considerando la necesidad de escuchar a niños y niñas migrantes, examinamos desde su mirada las dificultades y vulnerabilidades a las que ellos, ellas y sus familias se enfrentaron durante las cuarentenas, en la pandemia por covid-19 en Chile; durante ellas mantuvieron clases a distancia, en línea o por guías de trabajo. Hicimos entrevistas semiestructuradas con guión temático -utilizando técnicas gráficas- a 37 niños y niñas migrantes de Latinoamérica, y realizamos análisis de contenido. Evidenciamos que las familias migrantes, desde la mirada de los niños y niñas, se han visto expuestas a dificultades y preocupaciones (dada la distancia física entre familiares), vulnerabilidades económicas, falta de redes familiares y dificultades en la organización del trabajo productivo y reproductivo; en cada caso desde los puntos de vista objetivo y subjetivo.

(analytical) After identifying the need to listen to migrant children regarding the vulnerability they and their families faced during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile, we sought to examine the difficulties and vulnerabilities faced by their families from their point of view. Semistructured interviews with thematic scripts and graphic support were conducted with 37 children whose families had migrated from other countries in Latin America. Content analysis was carried out using the data collected during these interviews. According to these children, it was evident that migrant families faced a number of difficulties and vulnerabilities during the pandemic that included: physical distance between family members; economic vulnerabilities; lack of family support networks; and difficulties with accessing work. These vulnerabilities were evidenced using both objective and subjective points of view.

(analítico) Considerando a necessidade de ouvir a voz das crianças migrantes a respeito das vulnerabilidades enfrentadas por suas famílias durante o período de aulas online durante a pandemia da Covid-19 no Chile, procuramos examinar as dificuldades e vulnerabilidades enfrentadas por suas famílias a partir de seu ponto de vista. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com roteiros temáticos, utilizando técnicas gráficas, com 37 crianças migrantes latino-americanas, e foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo. Tornou-se evidente que as famílias migrantes, do ponto de vista das crianças, foram expostas a dificuldades e preocupações, dada a distância física entre os membros da família; vulnerabilidades econômicas e falta de redes familiares; e dificuldades na organização do trabalho produtivo e reprodutivo. As vulnerabilidades são evidentes de um ponto de vista objetivo e subjetivo.

Personal protective equipment: Analysis of supply among midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To report the details of provision of personal protective equipment to midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru METHODS: This is a non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional study. An online survey of 679 midwives working at public healthcare centres was conducted via questionnaires. The following aspects were outlined: method of supply and frequency of delivery of personal protective equipment, type of personal protective equipment provided by the institution, and self-purchase. Furthermore, features of the midwives' workplace were described. For statistical analysis, absolute frequencies and relative proportions were used for categorical variables, and mean and standard deviation were used for numerical variables. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS: The most important finding of this study is that a large proportion of midwives (66.6%) did not receive new personal protective equipment for each shift; 41.9% of midwives who received personal protective equipment during each shift exclusively provided services in the COVID-19 ward, whereas 27.6% did not. The least received supplies were of N95 respirator masks (41.7%) and disposable isolation suit gown (50.5%). Only a certain proportion of midwives (38.6%) were trained by their own institutions on the use of personal protective equipment. KEY CONCLUSIONS: The provision of personal protective equipment to midwives and training on personal protective equipment were insufficient at all workplaces. Therefore, measures must be taken to increase the supply of this material to midwives who are essential workers in reproductive health.

Sexual and gender minority health in Chile: findings from the 2016-2017 Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To expose visibility of the health concerns of sexual and gender minority groups in Chile, as well as to provide a platform to advocate for policies that support the health and well-being of sexual and gender minority people in the country. METHODS: The health conditions and risk factors of participants identified as sexual and gender minority were compared to those identified as cisgender heterosexual using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. RESULTS: Despite reporting higher self-rated health than heterosexual men, gay men had a higher risk of lifetime diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Compared to heterosexual women, the prevalence of depression was higher among bisexual women, who were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. Moreover, transgender participants were more likely to report depression and worse self-rated health than cisgender heterosexual participants. CONCLUSION: Small sample sizes of sexual and gender minority subgroups might have obscured some differences that would have been observable in larger samples. Despite this, we found statistically significant sexual and/or gender identity differences in several health areas, especially mental, sexual, and overall health.

Sexual and gender minority health in Chile: findings from the 2016-2017 Health Survey

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To expose visibility of the health concerns of sexual and gender minority groups in Chile, as well as to provide a platform to advocate for policies that support the health and well-being of sexual and gender minority people in the country. METHODS The health conditions and risk factors of participants identified as sexual and gender minority were compared to those identified as cisgender heterosexual using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. RESULTS Despite reporting higher self-rated health than heterosexual men, gay men had a higher risk of lifetime diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Compared to heterosexual women, the prevalence of depression was higher among bisexual women, who were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. Moreover, transgender participants were more likely to report depression and worse self-rated health than cisgender heterosexual participants. CONCLUSION Small sample sizes of sexual and gender minority subgroups might have obscured some differences that would have been observable in larger samples. Despite this, we found statistically significant sexual and/or gender identity differences in several health areas, especially mental, sexual, and overall health.

[MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network), a mobile App with ARIA's comprehensive solution in Spanish-speaking countries]. / MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network), una app móvil con la solución integral de ARIA en países de habla hispana.

Although there are high quality clinical guidelines about allergic rhinitis, many patients receive deficient treatment, partly due to the high level of self-medication. MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network) is an integral part of a project against chronic diseases which it is focused on active and healthy aging and is supported by the European Union. It forms the third phase of ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) in which, through a mobile app on a smart device, the purpose is to guide patients in the control of their multimorbidity, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, or asthma. The "Allergy Diary" app by MACVIA-ARIA is free and it is available for Android and iOS; on it, patients indicate how unpleasant the symptoms are on a daily basis through five screens with an analogous visual scale; two more screens were recently added (sleep affectation). With the app, it is also possible to download the information of the "Allergy Diary" on the physician's computer through a QR code at the moment of the medical consultation. In this article, we review the first year of experience in Spain, Mexico and Argentina, where the Spanish version is used.

Aunque existen guías clínicas de alta calidad sobre rinitis alérgica, numerosos pacientes reciben tratamiento deficiente, en parte debido al alto grado de automedicación. MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network) forma parte integral de un proyecto apoyado por la Unión Europea contra las enfermedades crónicas y enfocado al envejecimiento activo y saludable. Constituye la tercera fase de ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma), en la cual mediante una aplicación móvil en un dispositivo inteligente se intenta guiar al paciente en el control de su multimorbilidad, rinitis o conjuntivitis alérgicas o asma. La aplicación Diario de Alergia por MACVIA-ARIA es gratuita y está disponible para Android e iOS; en ella, los pacientes indican diariamente cuánto les molestan los síntomas a través de cinco pantallas con una escala visual análoga; recientemente se agregaron dos pantallas más (afectación del sueño). La aplicación también permite descargar los datos del "Diario de alergias" en la computadora del médico en el momento de la consulta a través de un código QR. En este artículo reseñamos el primer año de experiencia en España, México y Argentina, que utilizan la versión española.

[GUIMIT 2019, Mexican Guideline on Immunotherapy. Guideline on the diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergic disease and immunotherapy following the ADAPTE approach]. / GUIMIT 2019, Guía Mexicana de Inmunoterapia. Guía de diagnóstico de alergia mediada por IgE e inmunoterapia aplicando el método ADAPTE.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and immunotherapy with hymenoptera venom (VIT) is traditionally practiced combining aspects of the European and American school. In addition, both types of extracts (European and American) are commercially available in Mexico. Moreover, for an adequate AIT/VIT a timely diagnosis is crucial. Therefore, there is a need for a widely accepted, up-to-date national immunotherapy guideline that covers diagnostic issues, indications, dosage, mechanisms, adverse effects and future expectations of AIT (GUIMIT 2019). METHOD: With nationwide groups of allergists participating, including delegates from postgraduate training-programs in Allergy/Immunology-forming, the guideline document was developed according to the ADAPTE methodology: the immunotherapy guidelines from European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology, The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology were selected as mother guidelines, as they received the highest AGREE-II score among international guidelines available; their evidence conforms the scientific basis for this document. RESULTS: GUIMIT emanates strong or weak (suggestions) recommendations about practical issues directly related to in vivo or in vitro diagnosis of IgE mediated allergic diseases and the preparation and application of AIT/VIT and its adverse effects. GUIMIT finishes with a perspective on AIT modalities for the future. All the statements were discussed and voted on until > 80 % consensus was reached. CONCLUSIONS: A wide and diverse group of AIT/VIT experts issued transculturized, evidence-based recommendations and reached consensus that might improve and standardize AIT practice in Mexico.

Antecedentes: En México, la inmunoterapia con alérgenos (ITA) y con veneno de himenópteros (VIT) se practica tradicionalmente combinando criterios de las escuelas europea y estadounidense; los dos tipos de extractos están comercialmente disponibles en México. Para una ITA adecuada es crucial un diagnóstico oportuno. Objetivo: Presentar GUIMIT 2019, Guía Mexicana de Inmunoterapia 2019, de base amplia, actualizada, que abarca temas de diagnóstico, indicaciones, dosificación, mecanismos, efectos adversos de la ITA y expectativas con esta modalidad de tratamiento. Método: Con la participación de múltiples grupos mexicanos de alergólogos, que incluían los centros formadores universitarios en alergia e inmunología, se desarrolló el documento de la guía según la metodología ADAPTE. Las guías de inmunoterapia de la European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology y del American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology se seleccionaron como guías fuente, ya que recibieron la puntuación AGREE-II más alta entre las guías internacionales disponibles; su evidencia conforma la base científica de GUIMIT 2019. Resultados: En GUIMIT 2019 se emiten recomendaciones fuertes o débiles (sugerencias) acerca de temas directamente relacionados con el diagnóstico in vivo o in vitro de las enfermedades alérgicas mediadas por IgE, la preparación y aplicación de ITA o VIT y sus efectos adversos; se incluye la revisión de las modalidades de ITA para el futuro. Todos los argumentos que se exponen fueron discutidos y votados con > 80 % de aprobación. Conclusión: Un grupo amplio y diverso de expertos en ITA y VIT emitió recomendaciones transculturizadas basadas en evidencia, que alcanzaron consenso; con ellas se pretende mejorar y homologar la práctica de la inmunoterapia en México.

[MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network). ARIA's comprehensive solution for mobile app for the multimorbidity of allergic rhinitis and asthma]. / MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network). La solución integral de ARIA por app móvil para la multimorbilidad de rinitis alérgica y asma.

The vast majority of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) do not receive the proper management which is recommended by the guidelines, but they frequently self-medicate. MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network) is an integral part of a project that is supported by the European Union against chronic diseases and focused on active and healthy aging. MASK represents the third phase of ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma), in which, by using a mobile application in a smart device, the objective is to guide the patient in the control of his/her multi-morbidity, AR and/or allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and/or asthma. The mobile app Allergy Diary by MACVIA-ARIA is free and it is available for both Android and iOS platforms. After it is downloaded to the patient's cell phone, it first requests some information about the patient's profile, allergic pathologies and medication; afterwards, through a visual analog scale, the patient is invited to determine the degree of affectation in the nose, eyes, and bronchi, and its influence on their productivity at work / school. After analyzing the data generated by filling the Allergy Diary, it became clear there is a new clinical entity: allergic rhinitis+ allergic conjunctivitis +asthma, with greater effect; in addition to a high level of self-medication: in general, the patient takes medication on days when symptoms are present. The app has already been deployed in 23 countries, including several Spanish-speaking countries.

La mayoría de los pacientes con rinitis alérgica no recibe el manejo idóneo, sino que se automedica. MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network) forma parte integral de un proyecto apoyado por la Unión Europea contra las enfermedades crónicas y enfocado al envejecimiento activo y saludable. Constituye la tercera fase de ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma), en la cual mediante una aplicación móvil en un dispositivo inteligente se intenta guiar al paciente en el control de su multimorbilidad, rinitis o conjuntivitis alérgicas o asma. La aplicación Diario de Alergia por MACVIA-ARIA es gratuita y está disponible para Android e iOS. Al descargarla al celular del paciente, a este se le piden datos de su perfil, patologías alérgicas y medicación; posteriormente, mediante una escala visual analógica se le invita a determinar el grado de afectación en nariz, ojos y bronquios y su influencia sobre su productividad laboral/escolar. Con los datos del Diario de Alergia se observa que existe un nuevo patrón de presentación: rinitis alérgica + conjuntivitis alérgica + asma, con mayor afectación, así como un alto nivel de automedicación: en general, el paciente toma medicación cuando presenta síntomas. La app se ha desplegado en 23 países, incluyendo varios países hispanohablantes.

[Executive Summary of ARIA 2019: Integrated care pathways for allergic rhinitis in Argentina, Spain and Mexico]. / Resumen ejecutivo de ARIA 2019: Vías integradas de atención para la rinitis alérgica en Argentina, España y México.

The health and economic impact of allergic diseases are increasing rapidly, and changes in management strategies are required. Its influence reduces the capacity of work and school performance by at least a third. The ICPs of the airways (integrated care pathways for respiratory diseases) are structured multidisciplinary healthcare plans, promoting the recommendations of the guidelines in local protocols and their application to clinical practice. This document presents an executive summary for Argentina, Mexico, and Spain. Next-generation ARIA guidelines are being developed for the pharmacological treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR), using the GRADE-based guidelines for AR, tested with real-life evidence provided by mobile technology with visual analogue scales. It is concluded that in the AR treatment, H1-antihistamines are less effective than intranasal corticosteroids (INCS), in severe AR the INCS represent the first line of treatment, and intranasal combination INCS + anti-H1 is more effective than monotherapy. However, according to the MASK real-life observational study, patients have poor adherence to treatment and often self-medicate, according to their needs.

El impacto sanitario y económico de las enfermedades alérgicas está aumentando rápidamente y se necesitan cambios en las estrategias para su manejo. Su influencia reduce al menos en un tercio la capacidad de desempeño laboral y escolar. Los ICP (Vías Integradas de Atención) de las enfermedades de las vías respiratorias son planes de atención estructurados y multidisciplinarios, que promueven las recomendaciones de las guías en protocolos locales y su aplicación a la práctica clínica. En este documento se presenta un resumen ejecutivo para Argentina, México y España. Se desarrollan las guías ARIA de próxima generación para el tratamiento farmacológico de la rinitis alérgica (RA) utilizando las pautas basadas en GRADE para RA, probadas con evidencia de la vida real proporcionada por tecnología móvil basada en escalas visuales analógicas. Se concluye que en el tratamiento de la RA, los antihistamínicos anti-H1 son menos efectivos que los corticoides intranasales (CINS), que en la rinitis gravelos CINS representan la primera línea de tratamiento, y que la combinación intranasal de CINS + anti-H1 es más eficaz que la monoterapia. Sin embargo, según el estudio MASK observacional en vida real, los pacientes tienen pobre adherencia al tratamiento y frecuentemente se automedican de acuerdo con sus necesidades.

Endemic Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: a Pandemic Problem That Requires Monitoring by the Entire Health Care Community.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review brings a major, previously under-recognized dental and general health problem to the attention of the medical and scientific community. The goals are to help clinicians make early diagnoses, thereby improving treatment outcomes, and to stimulate increasing research efforts to understand the etiology and ultimately prevention. RECENT FINDINGS: There are two recent systematic reviews of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). One reveals the global burden of the condition; mean global prevalence is 13% with 878 million people affected, with 4.8 million cases per year requiring treatment. The review into etiology found a lack of definitive knowledge, but that it is likely to be multifactorial, with childhood illness including fever possibly implicated. The review presents details of MIH sufficient to enable clinicians to recognize it and understand its impact on affected children, its management, and the importance of early intervention. Much further research is needed.

Carcinoma de uraco, una neoplasia maligna poco frecuente / Urachal carcinoma, a rare malignant neoplasm / Carcinoma de úraco, uma neoplasia maligna pouco frequente

El carcinoma de uraco es una neoplasia maligna poco frecuente de predominio masculino entre la quinta a sexta década de la vida. Se localizan típicamente en la cúpula de la vejiga, con patrón histopatológico predominante de adenocarcinoma en el 90% de los casos. Tiene un curso indolente con manifestaciones clínicas en etapas tardías caracterizadas por hematuria, dolor abdominal, disuria, mucosuria, entre otros. El diagnóstico se basa en el hallazgo de la lesión por métodos endoscópicos e imagenológicos. Dado lo infrecuente de esta patología, se describe el caso de una paciente en su cuarta década de vida con infección de vías urinarias recurrente, en quien se documentó por medio de urografía por tomografía computarizada multicorte (UROTAC) de pólipo vesical resecado por resección transuretral (RTU) con reporte histológico de adenocarcinoma de tipo entérico.

Urachal carcinoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of male predominance between the fifth to sixth decade of life. It is typically located in the dome of the bladder, with a predominant histopathological pattern of adenocarcinoma in 90% of cases. It has an indolent course with clinical manifestations in late stages characterized by hematuria, abdominal pain, dysuria, mucosuria, among others. Diagnosis is based on the finding of the lesion by endoscopic and imaging techniques. Given the infrequent nature of this pathology, we describe the case of a female patient in her fourth decade of life with recurrent urinary tract infection, who was documented by MSCTU of bladder polyp resected by TURP with a histological report of enteric-type adenocarcinoma.

O carcinoma de úraco, é uma neoplasia maligna pouco frequente, predominantemente masculina que se manifesta entre a quinta e a sexta década de vida. Sua localização típica é a cúpula vesical e em 90% dos casos sua histologia corresponde a adenocarcinomas. Apresenta evolução indolente com manifestações clínicas nas etapas tardias caracterizadas por hematúria, dor abdominal, disúria, mucosúria, entre outros. O diagnóstico está baseado no achado da lesão por métodos endoscópicos e de imagens. Considerando a baixa frequência desta patologia, descreve-se o caso de uma paciente de sexo feminino em sua quarta década de vida com infecção recorrente das vias urinarias, na qual foi registrado, através de UROTAC, um pólipo vesical ressecado por RTU com laudo histológico de adenocarcinoma de tipo entérico.

Diversidad del ADN mitocondrial en restos óseos prehispánicos / Mitochondrial DNA diversity in prehispanic bone remains on the eastern Colombian Andes

Resumen Introducción. El ADN antiguo que se extrae de los restos óseos humanos permite analizar la composición genética de las poblaciones precolombinas y determinar las dinámicas poblacionales que dieron origen a la diversidad de las poblaciones contemporáneas. Objetivo. Determinar la diversidad genética y la relación con otras comunidades contemporáneas y antiguas de América, de los restos óseos asociados al Templo del Sol en Sogamoso, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 13 individuos pertenecientes al periodo precolombino muisca (siglos IX-XVI d. C.), provenientes de los alrededores del Templo del Sol en Sogamoso, Boyacá, Andes orientales colombianos. Se amplificó el ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) y se determinaron los polimorfismos de la longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP) para los cuatro haplogrupos amerindios (A, B, C y D). Además, se amplificaron y analizaron los marcadores autosómicos, incluida la amelogenina, y los marcadores de los polimorfismos de repeticiones cortas en tándem (Short Tandem Repeat, STR) del cromosoma Y. Resultados. El haplogrupo A fue el linaje mitocondrial más frecuente en esta población, seguido de los haplogrupos B y C; no se detectó el haplogrupo D. Los análisis de variación genética indicaron una diversidad semejante a la de las poblaciones pertenecientes a la familia lingüística chibcha, contemporánea en Colombia y Centroamérica. Se logró hacer la determinación molecular del sexo de los individuos estudiados y compararla con los datos osteológicos. Con una sola excepción, los datos bioantropológicos y moleculares concordaron. Conclusiones. Estos resultados aportan nuevos elementos a la hipótesis del origen centroamericano de los grupos chibchas del altiplano cundiboyacense con base en marcadores genéticos, y permitieron establecer el sexo y las relaciones de parentesco.

Abstract Introduction: DNA extracted from ancient human bones allows to analyze the genetic makeup of preColumbian populations and to determine the dynamics that gave rise to the diversity of contemporary populations. Objective: To determine the genetic diversity of skeletal remains associated with the Templo del Sol (Sun Temple) and their relationship with other contemporary and ancient communities of America. Materials and methods: We analyzed 13 individuals belonging to the pre-Columbian Muisca Period (IX-XVI centuries AD) from the vicinities of the Templo del Sol (Sun Temple) (Sogamoso, Boyacá) in the eastern Colombian Andes. Mitochondrial DNA was amplified and RFLPs were performed in order to type the four traditional Amerindian haplogroups (A, B, C and D). In addition, autosomal markers including amelogenin and Y-chromosome STRs were amplified. Results: Among the observed mitochondrial lineages, haplogroup A was the most frequent, followed by haplogroups B and C; no evidence of haplogroup D was found. The genetic variation analysis indicated a similar diversity of pre-Columbian Muiscas to that of contemporary populations belonging to the Chibcha linguistic family from Colombia and Central America. Molecular sexing was accomplished and it was compared to osteological data. With only one exception, anthropological and molecular data were consistent. Conclusions: Our results contribute new genetic elements supporting the hypothesis of Central American origin of the Chibcha groups of the Cundiboyacense plateau, and allowed sex typing and kinship evaluations.

[Mitochondrial DNA diversity in prehispanic bone remains on the eastern Colombian Andes].

INTRODUCTION: DNA extracted from ancient human bones allows to analyze the genetic makeup of pre-Columbian populations and to determine the dynamics that gave rise to the diversity of contemporary populations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the genetic diversity of skeletal remains associated with the Templo del Sol (Sun Temple) and their relationship with other contemporary and ancient communities of America. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 13 individuals belonging to the pre-Columbian Muisca Period (IX-XVI centuries AD) from the vicinities of the Templo del Sol (Sun Temple) (Sogamoso, Boyacá) in the eastern Colombian Andes. Mitochondrial DNA was amplified and RFLPs were performed in order to type the four traditional Amerindian haplogroups (A, B, C and D). In addition, autosomal markers including amelogenin and Y-chromosome STRs were amplified. RESULTS: Among the observed mitochondrial lineages, haplogroup A was the most frequent, followed by haplogroups B and C; no evidence of haplogroup D was found. The genetic variation analysis indicated a similar diversity of pre-ColumbianMuiscas to that of contemporary populations belonging to the Chibcha linguistic family from Colombia and Central America. Molecular sexing was accomplished and it was compared to osteological data. With only one exception, anthropological and molecular data were consistent. CONCLUSIONS: Our results contribute new genetic elements supporting the hypothesis of Central American origin of the Chibcha groups of the Cundiboyacense plateau, and allowed sex typing and kinship evaluations.

Evaluación del efecto antiinflamatorio en ratas albinas según el modelo edema plantar y efecto analgésico en ratones albinos según el modelo tail flick del extracto etanólico de Dalea isidori Barneby "Yerbechil" / Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect in albino rats according to the plantar edema model and analgesic effect in albino mice according to the tail flick model of the ethanolic extract of Dalea isidori Barneby "Yerbechil"

El presente es un estudio experimental prospectivo, realizado en la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, donde se determinó el efecto antinflamatorio y analgésico del extracto etanólico de Dalea isidori Barneby "Yerbechil". Para evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio se empleó el método de edema plantar inducido por λ carragenina, utilizándose 36 ratas albinas (Holtzman) divididas en un grupo control, tres grupos para dosis diferentes del extracto (125 mg/Kg, 250 mg/Kg y 500 mg/Kg) y dos grupos para fármacos patrones (AAS 50 mg/Kg, naproxeno 50 mg/Kg); empleándose un pletismómetro digital PANLAB LE7500. El mayor efecto antiinflamatorio se evidenció a las dosis de 250mg/kg. El efecto analgésico se evaluó con el método de retirada de la cola (Tail-Flick), empleándose 36 ratones Balb/c, divididos en dos grupos para fármacos patrones (tramadol 20 mg/Kg y paracetamol 400mg/Kg) y cuatro grupos para dosis diferentes del extracto (125 mg/Kg, 250mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg y 750 mg/Kg); cuantificándose el efecto analgésico con un medidor Tail-Flick PANLAB LE7106. El mayor efecto analgésico se evidenció a las dosis de 125 mg/Kg y 250 mg/Kg. Finalmente, según la guía 23 de la OECD, se determinó un DL50 oral mayor a 5000 mg/Kg para el extracto etanólico de Dalea isidori Barneby.

Distribution and severity of molar hypomineralisation: trial of a new severity index.

BACKGROUND: Current molar hypomineralisation (MH) indices do not guide clinicians in management of affected dentitions, and treatment is based on individual judgment. AIM: The aims of this study were to describe characteristics of MH and molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) and trial the new Molar Hypomineralisation Severity Index (MHSI). DESIGN: First permanent molars (FPMs) and permanent incisors (PIs) in 283 affected children were examined for hypomineralisation characteristics [defect colour, location, post-eruptive breakdown (PEB); restorations placed/replaced/atypical; sensitivity]. The MHSI scores were compared with treatment received (152 children). RESULTS: Mean (SD) affected teeth/dentition were as follows: FPMs: 3.2 (1.0) and PIs: 1.6 (1.6). Affected FPMs showed no arch or quadrant predilection; maxillary central PIs were affected particularly. As affected FPMs/dentition increased, MIH diagnoses also increased (P = 0.009). Among FPMs, defects most prevalent were brown (47%) and cuspal (74%); 67% showed PEB. Before study entry, 43% of FPMs had restorations placed/replaced. Among PIs, white defects were common (65%) on smooth surfaces; sensitivity was rare. Affected FPMs received more restorations and extractions than unaffected FPMs (P = 0.0001). As MHSI scores increased, FPM treatments/dentition increased (number, invasiveness). All characteristics were significant in predicting treatment (logistic regression model). CONCLUSIONS: A spectrum from MH to MIH occurred. The MHSI characteristics were predictive of the treatment of affected FPMs and can guide management.

Conocimiento sobre cáncer de mama en mujeres usuarias del Hospital de Ventanilla 2009 / Knowledge about breast cancer in women users of the Hospital Ventanilla 2009

El objetivo fue determinar el conocimiento sobre cáncer de mama en mujeres usuarias del Hospital de Ventanilla, 2009. Material y Método: El estudio fue de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 78 usuarias La técnica fue la encuesta y el instrumento un cuestionario aplicado previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (78), 42.3 por ciento (33) conocen que el cáncer es más frecuente si sus padres lo han tenido, es el crecimiento de células malignas y que para disminuir la incidencia es importante el consumo de frutas y verduras; 57.7 por ciento (45) desconocen que el consumo de alcohol y tabaco es un factor de riesgo, así como la hormonoterapia; 67.9 por ciento (53) desconocen el tratamiento de la hormonoterapia y radioterapia; 73 por ciento (57) desconocen que el autoexamen de mama debe ser realizado por todas las mujeres en edad fértil y mensualmente. Conclusiones: Un porcentaje considerable de usuarias del Hospital de Ventanilla desconocen sobre el cáncer de mama en lo que respecta al factor de riesgo, el tratamiento y las medidas de prevención.

The objective was to determine the knowledge of breast cancer in women using Hospital Ventanilla, 2009. Methods: The study was level application, quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive method. The population consisted of 78 users was the survey technique and instrument a questionnaire prior informed consent. Results: 100 per cent (78) 42.3 per cent (33) know that cancer is more common if their parents have had, is the growth of malignant cells and to decrease the incidence is important consumption of fruits and vegetables, 57.7 per cent (45) are unaware that alcohol and snuff is a risk factor, and hormone therapy, 67.9 per cent (53) are unaware of hormone treatment and radiotherapy, 73 per cent (57) are unaware that breast self-examination should be performed by all women of childbearing age and monthly. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of users Hospital Ventanilla unaware about breast cancer in relation to risk factors, treatment and prevention measures.

Predictores del consumo de tabaco en jóvenes chilenos: inicio y mantenimiento / Predictors of consumption in Chilean adolescents tobacco: initiation and maintenance

El consumo de cigarrillos en adolescentes es un importante problema de salud en Chile, sin embargo poco se sabe sobre los determinantes en esta población. En este estudio se examinaron los predictores de diferentes niveles de consumo de cigarrillos en adolescentes chilenos usando la base de datos de la Encuesta Mundial de Tabaquismo Juvenil que incluyó a 8.258 adolescentes. Los resultados muestran que las creencias sobre el atractivo físico de los fumadores, la influencia de los amigos y la facilidad de acceso a los cigarrillos, predicen todos los niveles de consumo. Se encontraron diferencias en la influencia de las creencias sobre los efectos de los cigarrillos en la salud, la influencia de amistades que fuman y de la familia dependiendo de cómo se evalúa consumo de cigarrillos. Estos resultados sugieren que los predictores de consumo en adolescentes difieren dependiendo del nivel de consumo y por lo tanto para comprender en cabalidad este problema es necesario evaluar los distintos niveles de consumo.

Cigarette use is a major health problem among adolescents in Chile, but little is known about the determinants of use in this population. In this study, the predictors of different levels of cigarette smoking in Chilean adolescents were, examined using data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey which included 8.258 adolescents. The findings suggest that beliefs about physical attractiveness of smokers, the influence of friends and the easy access to cigarettes, predict all levels of consumption. Differences were found differences in the influence of beliefs about health effects, friends who smoke and family influences depending on how smoking is assessed. These results suggest that predictors of cigarette use among adolescents differ depending on the level of use and therefore to further understanding of this problem, it is necessary to examine the different levels of use.

Conocimientos y riesgo ocupacional de VIH/SIDA en trabajadores de salud primaria chilenos / Conhecimentos e risco ocupacional de HIV/SIDA em trabalhadores de saúde primária chilenos / HIV/AIDS knowledge and occupational risk in primary care health workers from Chile

Objetivo. Explorar la relación entre nivel de conocimientos y riesgo de exposición ocupacional a VIH en trabajadores de salud de atención primaria. Metodología. Estudio analítico de corte transversal; 720 trabajadores de salud de Santiago respondieron un cuestionario acerca de VIH/SIDA, incluyendo conocimientos (inadecuado o adecuado), riesgo ocupacional (con o sin riesgo) y variables de control (edad, sexo, centro de salud, educación y estado civil). Se hicieron análisis descriptivos y de asociación. Se estimó la Odds Ratio (OR) mediante regresión logística simple y múltiple. Resultados. El 58.7% de los participantes reportó riesgo ocupacional de VIH. Un 63.8% del grupo con exposición presentó un nivel de conocimientos adecuado, versus el 36.1% del grupo sin exposición (OR ajustado de 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p<0.0001). Los técnicos y el personal de aseo reportaron una proporción menor de nivel adecuado de conocimientos que el del personal con preparación universitario (p<0.0001). Conclusión. El nivel de riesgo ocupacional de VIH está asociado en forma directa con el nivel de conocimientos de esta enfermedad.

Objective. To explore the relationship between knowledge level and occupational risk exposure to HIV/AIDS in primary care health workers. Methodology. Analytical cross-sectional study. 720 health workers from Santiago answered a survey about HIV/AIDS that included: knowledge level (appropriate, inappropriate), occupational risk (with or without risk), and control variables (age, gender, health center, education and marital status). Descriptive and association analysis were performed. Odds Ratio (OR) was estimated through simple and multiple regressions logistics. Results. 58.7% of the participants reported HIV occupational risk. 63.8% of the participants from the exposed group reported an appropriate level of knowledge, versus 36.1% of the non-exposed group (Adjusted OR of 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p<0.0001). Technicians and cleaning staff reported a lower proportion of appropriate level of knowledge compared to the employees with college education (p<0.0001). Conclusion. The level of HIV/AID occupational risk is directly associated with the level of knowledge of the disease.

Objetivo. Explorar a relação entre nível de conhecimentos e risco de exposição ocupacional a HIV/AIDS em trabalhadores de saúde de atendimento primário Metodologia. Estudo observacional analítico de corte transversal; 720 trabalhadores de saúde de Santiago responderam um questionário a respeito de HIV/AIDS, incluindo conhecimentos (inadequado ou adequado), risco ocupacional (com ou sem risco) e variáveis de controle (idade, sexo, centro de saúde, educação e estado civil). Fizeram-se análises descritivas e de associação. Estimou-se a Odds Ratio (OR) mediante regressão logística simples e múltipla. Resultados. O 58.7% dos participantes reportou risco ocupacional de HIV/AIDS. Um 63.8% do grupo com exposição apresentou um nível de conhecimentos adequado, contra o 36.1% do grupo sem exposição (OR ajustado de 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p<0.0001). Os técnicos e o pessoal de lavabo reportaram uma proporção menor de nível adequado de conhecimentos do que o do pessoal com preparação universitário (p<0.0001). Conclusão. O nível de risco ocupacional de HIV está sócio em forma direta com o nível de conhecimentos desta doença.

HIV/AIDS knowledge and occupational risk in primary care health workers from Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between knowledge level and occupational risk exposure to HIV/AIDS in primary care health workers. METHODOLOGY: Analytical cross-sectional study. 720 health workers from Santiago answered a survey about HIV/AIDS that included: knowledge level (appropriate, inappropriate), occupational risk (with or without risk), and control variables (age, gender, health center, education and marital status). Descriptive and association analysis were performed. Odds Ratio (OR) was estimated through simple and multiple regressions logistics. RESULTS: 58.7% of the participants reported HIV occupational risk. 63.8% of the participants from the exposed group reported an appropriate level of knowledge, versus 36.1% of the non-exposed group (Adjusted OR of 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p<0.0001). Technicians and cleaning staff reported a lower proportion of appropriate level of knowledge compared to the employees with college education (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The level of HIV/AID occupational risk is directly associated with the level of knowledge of the disease.