Elevada expressão de galectina-3 em cicatrizes excessivas: Um estudo piloto / Elevated expression of galectin-3 in excessive scars: A pilot study

Introdução: Cicatrizes hipertróficas e queloides são tipos de cicatrizes excessivas de cicatrização anormal da pele. Galectina-3 (gal-3) é uma proteína da família das lectinas capaz de identificar carboidratos, que podem se combinar e atuar em diversas moléculas. Na literatura, a ação da gal-3 como principal agente regulador da fibrogênese já foi descrita, sendo atualmente utilizada na terapia antifibrótica de diversos órgãos como pulmão e fígado. O objetivo deste estudo piloto foi mostrar resultados preliminares encontrados na expressão de gal-3 em cicatrizes exacerbadas. Método: Foram coletadas 20 amostras de biópsias de cicatrizes excessivas (16 queloides e 4 cicatrizes hipertróficas) e 9 amostras de cicatrizes normais de 22 mulheres e 7 homens. Essas amostras foram processadas para análise histopatológica de rotina por imuno-histoquímica para detectar gal-3. As células positivas para gal-3 foram quantificadas pelo método estereológico utilizando uma grade de 36 pontos. Resultados: A imuno-histoquímica mostrou alta expressão de gal-3 em células endoteliais e epiteliais de todas as amostras de cicatrizes, bem como expressão em células distribuídas pela derme. Maior expressão de gal-3 foi encontrada em amostras de queloides (28% de células positivas) em comparação com cicatrizes normais (18%) e hipertróficas (22%) (p=0,0075). Os resultados foram obtidos de um pequeno número de pacientes, por se tratar de um estudo piloto. Conclusão: Os dados sugerem que a gal-3 participa do processo de cicatrização e, devido à sua maior presença em amostras de queloides, pode ser um potencial biomarcador para formação de queloides e um alvo terapêutico promissor a ser explorado.

Introduction: Hypertrophic scars and keloids are types of excessive scars from abnormal skin healing. Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a protein from the lectin family capable of identifying carbohydrates, which can combine and act on different molecules. In the literature, the action of gal-3 as the main regulatory agent of fibrogenesis has already been described and is currently used in anti-fibrotic therapy for various organs such as the lung and liver. The objective of this pilot study was to show preliminary results found in the expression of gal-3 in exacerbated scars. Method: Twenty biopsy samples from excessive scars (16 keloids and 4 hypertrophic scars) and 9 samples from normal scars were collected from 22 women and 7 men. These samples were processed for routine histopathological analysis by immunohistochemistry to detect gal-3. Gal-3 positive cells were quantified by the stereological method using a 36-point grid. Results: Immunohistochemistry showed high expression of gal-3 in endothelial and epithelial cells of all scar samples, as well as expression in cells distributed throughout the dermis. Higher gal-3 expression was found in keloid samples (28% positive cells) compared to normal (18%) and hypertrophic (22%) scars (p=0.0075). The results were obtained from a small number of patients, as this was a pilot study. Conclusion: The data suggest that gal-3 participates in the healing process and, due to its greater presence in keloid samples, it may be a potential biomarker for keloid formation and a promising therapeutic target to be explored.

Senses of body image in adolescents in elementary school.

OBJECTIVE: To comprehend the perception of body image in adolescence. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted with eight focus groups with 96 students of both sexes attending four public elementary school institutions in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, in 2013. An interview guide with questions about the adolescents' feelings in relation to: their bodies, standards of idealized beauty, practice of physical exercise and sociocultural influences on self-image. In the data analysis we sought to understand and interpret the meanings and contradictions of narratives, understanding the subjects' context and reasons and the internal logic of the group. RESULTS: Three thematic categories were identified. The influence of media on body image showed the difficulty of achieving the perfect body and is viewed with suspicion in face of standards of beauty broadcast; the importance of a healthy body was observed as standards of beauty and good looks were closely linked to good physical condition and result from having a healthy body; the relationship between the standard of beauty and prejudice, as people who are not considered attractive, having small physical imperfections, are discriminated against and can be rejected or even excluded from society. CONCLUSIONS: The standard of perfect body propagated by media influences adolescents' self-image and, consequently, self-esteem and is considered an unattainable goal, corresponding to a standard of beauty described as artificial and unreal. However, it causes great suffering and discrimination against those who do not feel they are attractive, which can lead to health problems resulting from low self-esteem.

Senses of body image in adolescents in elementary school / Sentidos da imagem corporal de adolescentes no ensino fundamental

OBJECTIVE : To comprehend the perception of body image in adolescence. METHODS : A qualitative study was conducted with eight focus groups with 96 students of both sexes attending four public elementary school institutions in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, in 2013. An interview guide with questions about the adolescents’ feelings in relation to: their bodies, standards of idealized beauty, practice of physical exercise and sociocultural influences on self-image. In the data analysis we sought to understand and interpret the meanings and contradictions of narratives, understanding the subjects’ context and reasons and the internal logic of the group. RESULTS : Three thematic categories were identified. The influence of media on body image showed the difficulty of achieving the perfect body and is viewed with suspicion in face of standards of beauty broadcast; the importance of a healthy body was observed as standards of beauty and good looks were closely linked to good physical condition and result from having a healthy body; the relationship between the standard of beauty and prejudice, as people who are not considered attractive, having small physical imperfections, are discriminated against and can be rejected or even excluded from society. CONCLUSIONS : The standard of perfect body propagated by media influences adolescents’ self-image and, consequently, self-esteem and is considered an unattainable goal, corresponding to a standard of beauty described as artificial and unreal. However, it causes great suffering and discrimination against those who do not feel they are attractive, which can lead to health problems resulting from low self-esteem. .

Transtorno dismórfico corporal: contribuições para o cirurgião plástico / Body dysmorphic disorder: contributions for the plastic surgeon

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric condition often encountered by plastic surgeons in daily clinical practice. BDD is a body image disorder that causes patients to become preoccupied with small or imagined defects in appearance, which lead to the development of social and occupational disabilities. Individuals with BDD exhibit fears of their "defects" being noticed by others, and feel ashamed, embarrassed, and uncomfortable when physically exposed during social activities. They have delusional thoughts, develop compulsive rituals and somatic preoccupation, seek cosmetic treatments, and refuse psychological intervention. Patients with BDD are convinced that improving physical appearance alone will improve their self-esteem. These patients often undergo cosmetic surgery or other related procedures to correct their "defective" image, often consulting several health professionals, especially plastic surgeons, before finding one who will perform their desired procedure. However, surgery does not resolve these imperfections; on the contrary, the results are often poor and can cause the patient to develop violent behavior toward the surgeon and worsen the patient's condition. The aim of this review was to describe BDD and its progression and treatment, and to make recommendations that will assist plastic surgeons and facilitate diagnosis and patient management in daily clinicaI practice, thereby allowing patients to understand the psychogenic origin of most preoccupations with appearance and the importance of undergoing psychological/psychiatric treatment. As a result, unnecessary aesthetic procedures can be avoided.

O transtorno dismórfico corporal (TDC) é uma doença psiquiátrica que pode ser encontrada com frequência no consultório do cirurgião plástico. Trata-se de uma desordem da imagem corporal, incapacitante social e profissionalmente, em que a pessoa tem preocupações decorrentes de defeitos mínimos ou inexistentes na aparência. Indivíduos com TDC apresentam medo de terem seus "defeitos" percebidos, sentem vergonha, embaraço e desconforto ao se exporem fisicamente em atividades sociais, têm pensamentos de desilusão e desenvolvem rituais compulsivos, preocupações somáticas, busca por tratamentos cosméticos e resistência a intervenções psicológicas. Os pacientes com TDC estão convencidos de que a única maneira de melhorar sua autoestima é aperfeiçoando sua aparência. Frequentemente esses pacientes buscam a cirurgia cosmética ou outros procedimentos relacionados para melhorar seu aspecto "defeituoso", e podem consultar vários médicos, especialmente cirurgiões plásticos, até encontrarem um profissional que realizará o procedimento desejado. No entanto, a cirurgia não cura essas imperfeições, muito pelo contrário, tem resultados pobres e pode gerar violência do paciente contra o cirurgião e piora de suas condições. O propósito desta revisão é descrever a patologia do TDC, seu desenvolvimento e tratamento, e sugerir algumas recomendações aos cirurgiões plásticos para sua prática diária, a fim de facilitar o diagnóstico do transtorno e o manuseio do paciente, contribuindo para que o portador da desordem perceba a origem psíquica da maioria de suas preocupações com a aparência e aceite se submeter a um tratamento psicológico/psiquiátrico, evitando assim o procedimento estético desnecessário.

Anatomia aplicada do ramo temporal do nervo facial: estudo do risco potencial de lesão durante a cirurgia do rejuvenescimento facial / Applied anatomy of the branch of the facial nerve: study of the potential risk of injury during facial rejuvenation surgery

Introdução: O ramo temporal do nervo facial é um dos nervos mais comumente lesados, devido à pouca tela subcutânea que o protege a partir da sua saída da glândula parótida. Método: Vinte e cinco hemifaces de cadáveres foram dissecadas e analisadas as relações entre o ramo temporal e glândula parótida, arco zigomático, SMAS, artéria temporal superficial e músculo frontal. Resultados: Doze ramos temporais dissecados perderam a proteção da glândula parótida a uma distância de 1,7 cm anterior ao trago. O cruzamentodo arco zigomático por dois ramos temporais foi o mais frequente. A passagem pelo arco zigomático ocorreu entre 3,2 e 3,9 cm posteriores à borda lateral da órbita. O curso do ramo temporal junto às faces profundas do SMAS e da fáscia temporoparietal, e acima da lâmina superficial da fáscia temporal profunda foi constante. O ramo frontal da artéria temporal superficial foi superior e sua trajetória paralela ao ramo temporal em 92% das dissecções. Conclusão: O ramo temporal do nervo facial segue um plano constante ao longo da face profunda da fáscia temporoparietal e está muito superficial quando cruza o arco zigomático.

Background: The temporal branch of the facial nerve is one of the nerves more commonly injured due to the scarce subcutaneous tissue that protects it from its exit at the parotid gland. Method: Twenty five cadaveric hemifaces were dissected allowing a analysis of the temporal branch and: parotid gland, zygomatic arch, SMAS, superficial temporal artery and frontal muscle. Results: Twelve temporal branches exposed at a distance 1.7cm anterior to the trago. Two temporal branches crossing the zygomatic arc was the most frequent finding. This passage occurred between 3.2 to 3.9 cm posterior to the lateral border of the orbit. The trajectory of the temporal branch near the deep side of the SMAS and temporofacial fascia and above the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia was constant. The frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery was superior and parallel to the nerve trajectory in 92% of the dissections Conclusion: The temporal branch follow a constant plane along the under surface of the temporoparietal fascia and is quite superficial as it cross the zygomatic arch.

Colecistectomia com ou sem drenagem / Cholecystectomy with or without drainage

Foi feito um estudo retrospectivo de 100 colecistectomias, 50 nao drenadas(Grupo 1) e 50 drenadas com Penrose (Grupo 2) realizadas em pacientes portadores, 29% de colecistite aguda calculosa e 71% de colecistite cronica. Colangiografias per-operatorias foram realizadas em 44%, sendo 67% nos com drenagem e 23% nos sem. Os doentes drenados tiveram temperatura pos-operatoria mais elevada, progressao para ingerir uma dieta branda mais lenta e tempo de permanencia hospitalar maior. As complicacoes pos-operatorias incidiram mais nos colecistectomizados com drenagem (26%), observando-se infeccoes de ferida operatoria(12%), respiratoria (10%) e no local do dreno (10%). Os autores fazem um cotejo com a literatura sobre o assunto chegando a conclusao que a extirpacao da vesicula biliar sem drenagem e quase sempre possivel e com uma morbidez bem menor que nos drenados