Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Brazilian green propolis controls intradermal infection induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and modulates the inflammatory response in a murine model.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of skin and soft tissue infections worldwide. This microorganism has a wide range of antibiotics resistance, a fact that has made the treatment of infections caused by MRSA difficult. In this sense, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with natural products has emerged as a good alternative in combating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aPDT with Brazilian green propolis against intradermal MRSA infection in a murine model. Initially, 24 Balb/c mice were infected intradermally in the ears with 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units of MRSA 43300. After infection, they were separated into 4 groups (6 animals per group) and treated with the vehicle, only Brazilian green propolis, only blue LED light or with the aPDT protocol (Brazilian green propolis + blue LED light). It was observed in this study that aPDT with Brazilian green propolis reduced the bacterial load at the site of infection. Furthermore, it was able to inhibit weight loss resulting from the infection, as well as modulate the inflammatory response through greater recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells/neutrophils to the infected tissue. Finally, aPDT induced an increase in the cytokines IL-17A and IL-12p70 in the draining retromaxillary lymph node. Thus, aPDT with Brazilian green propolis proved to be effective against intradermal MRSA infection in mice, reducing bacterial load and modulating the immune response in the animals. However, more studies are needed to assess whether such effects are repeated in humans.

Characterization of Brazilian green propolis as a photosensitizer for LED light-induced antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA).

Staphylococcus aureus is the primary cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Its significant adaptability and the development of resistance are the main factors linked to its spread and the challenges in its treatment. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy emerges as a promising alternative. This work aimed to characterize the antimicrobial photodynamic activity of Brazilian green propolis, along with the key bioactive compounds associated with this activity. Initially, a scanning spectrometry was conducted to assess the wavelengths with the potential to activate green propolis. Subsequently, reference strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA ATCC 43300) and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA ATCC 700699) were exposed to varying concentrations of green propolis: 1 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 50 µg /mL and 100 µg/mL and were stimulated by blue, green or red LED light. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry techniques, along with classic molecular networking analysis, was performed to identify potential bioactive molecules with photodynamic activity. Brazilian green propolis exhibits a pronounced absorption peak and heightened photo-responsiveness when exposed to blue light within the range of 400 nm and 450 nm. This characteristic reveals noteworthy significant photodynamic activity against MRSA and VISA at concentrations from 5 µg/mL. Furthermore, the propolis comprises compounds like curcumin and other flavonoids sourced from flavone, which possess the potential for photodynamic activity and other antimicrobial functions. Consequently, Brazilian green propolis holds promise as an excellent bactericidal agent, displaying a synergistic antibacterial property enhanced by light-induced photodynamic effects.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with curcumin controls intradermal infection by Staphylococcus aureus in mice with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main pathogens that cause infections in diabetic individuals. In this paper, we report the outcomes of our investigation on the intradermal application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) with curcumin in an infection induced by MRSA ATCC 43300 strain in the ear of mice with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). A solution containing 100 µg of curcumin was photoactivated ex vivo with a LED light (450 nm) delivering a fluency of 13.5 J/cm3. This solution was administered in the ear intradermally, at the same inoculum site as the MRSA ATCC 43300 strain (PDT Group). This study also included the use of two control groups (both infected): One was treated with saline and the other was treated with non-photoactivated curcumin. The animals were euthanized 24 h after these treatments and samples of draining lymph node and treated ear were collected for examination. The PDT group showed lower bacterial load in the draining lymph node when compared to the saline and curcumin groups (p-value <0.05) 24 h after treatment. In addition to bacterial load, the PDT group presented a higher concentration of nitrates and nitrites in the draining lymph node when compared to the saline and curcumin groups (p-value <0.001). Examining the infectious site, despite apparently having similar inflammatory cell recruitment compared with the control groups, the PDT group showed a profile with less intense activity in the myeloperoxidase expression when compared to the saline group (p-value <0.001). Additionally, the detected concentration of cytokines such as IL-1ß, IL-12, and IL-10 was significantly lower in the PDT group when compared to the saline group (p-value <0.01; p-value <0.05; p-value <0.05, respectively), thus presenting a less intense inflammatory response during infection resolution. Our pilot study showed for the first time the therapeutic potential of PDT using curcumin when administered intradermally in the treatment of infections caused by S. aureus in mice with T1DM.