ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: The Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) has been recently developed as a brief, practical, and feasible tool for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: This study aimed to provide continuous and discrete normative values for the BICAMS in the Brazilian context. Methods: Normatization was achieved using six hundred and one healthy controls from the community assessed at five Brazilian geopolitical regions. Results: Mean raw scores, T scores, percentiles, and Z scores for each BICAMS measure are provided, stratified by age and educational level. Regression-based norms were provided by converting raw scores to scaled scores, which were regressed on age, gender, and education, yielding equations that can be used to calculate the predicted scores. Regression analyses revealed that age, gender, and education significantly influenced test results, as in previous studies. Conclusions: The normative data of the BICAMS to the Brazilian context presented good representativeness, improving its use in daily clinical practice.
RESUMO Antecedentes: O BICAMS foi desenvolvido como uma ferramenta breve, prática e confiável para avaliar o comprometimento cognitivo na esclerose múltipla (EM). Objetivo: Neste estudo, objetivamos fornecer dados normativos para o BICAMS. Métodos: Normatização foi realizada com seiscentos e um controles saudáveis da comunidade avaliados das cinco regiões geopolíticas brasileiras. Resultados: Escores brutos médios, escore T, percentil e escore Z para cada medida do BICAMS são fornecidos e estratificados por idade e nível educacional. Normas baseadas em regressão foram obtidas através da conversão dos pontos brutos em pontos ponderados, produzindo parâmetros de regressão que podem ser usados para calcular os escores preditos. As análises de regressão revelaram que idade, gênero e educação influenciaram significativamente nos resultados do teste, assim como em estudos prévios. Conclusão: Normas do BICAMS para o contexto brasileiro apresentaram boa representatividade, contribuindo para a utilização na prática clínica diária.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Multiple Sclerosis/psychology , Brazil , Reproducibility of Results , Cognition , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) has been recently developed as a brief, practical, and feasible tool for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide continuous and discrete normative values for the BICAMS in the Brazilian context. METHODS: Normatization was achieved using six hundred and one healthy controls from the community assessed at five Brazilian geopolitical regions. RESULTS: Mean raw scores, T scores, percentiles, and Z scores for each BICAMS measure are provided, stratified by age and educational level. Regression-based norms were provided by converting raw scores to scaled scores, which were regressed on age, gender, and education, yielding equations that can be used to calculate the predicted scores. Regression analyses revealed that age, gender, and education significantly influenced test results, as in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: The normative data of the BICAMS to the Brazilian context presented good representativeness, improving its use in daily clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction , Multiple Sclerosis , Brazil , Cognition , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Humans , Multiple Sclerosis/psychology , Neuropsychological Tests , Reproducibility of ResultsSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Heart Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Hemangiosarcoma/mortality , Hemangiosarcoma/prevention & control , Echocardiography/methods , Cardiac Tamponade/diagnosis , Echocardiography, Transesophageal/methods , Pericardiocentesis/methods , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methodsABSTRACT
Human cognition and behavior emerge from neuronal interactions on a brain structural architecture. The convergence (or divergence) between functional dynamics and structural connectivity (SC) and their relationship with cognition are still a pivotal question about the brain. We focused on the information processing speed (IPS), assessed by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), once delayed IPS underlies attention deficits in various clinical conditions. We hypothesize that the SC constrains but does not determine functional connectivity, and such a relationship is related to the cognitive performance. Blood oxygenation level-dependent and diffusion tensor images of healthy young volunteers were acquired in a 3T magnetic resonance imaging machine. Activation maps included the left and right middle frontal gyri, left superior parietal lobule, left precuneus, left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), right cuneus, left lingual gyrus, and left declive. A network involving such regions and signal propagation from visual, through cognitive, up to motor regions was proposed. Random effects Bayesian model selection showed that the top-down connections have the highest expected and exceedance probabilities. Moreover, all pairs of task-related regions were connected by at least one tract, except for the left declive with the left IFG. The interactions between the right cuneus with left declive were related to the interindividual variability in SDMT performance. Altogether, our findings suggest that the IPS functional network is related to the highest SDMT scores when its effective endogenous connections are suppressed to the detriment of modulation caused by the experimental conditions, with the underlying structure providing low diffusion environments.
