Occurrence and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis - Aquifoliaceae) cultivation environments.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) represents a culture of economic, social, and ecological importance for the cultivation regions. Due to the chemical, physical, and biological variations that occur in the different soils where yerba mate is economically exploited, the symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) guarantee the plant's ability to absorb nutrients. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in different environments of yerba mate cultivation. The research was performed in four areas located in the rural area of the municipality of Seberi/RS: Environment with production of yerba mate in the conventional system, silvopastoral system, organic system, and native forest. The normality of residuals and homogeneity of variances assumptions were verified using the Lilliefors and Chi-square tests and the averages compared by the Tukey's test at 5% probability of error. In addition to calculations of diversity, equivalent species, and evenness indices. The presence of AMF spores showed a direct relationship with the phosphorus (P) availability in each treatment, with a count reduction in the organic system, with P content lower than 3 mg kg-1 of soil. The species with the highest predominance were the Acaulosporaceae (Acaulospora colombiana, A. delicata, and A. tuberculata), followed by the Glomaceae (Glomus ambisporum and Glomus pansihalos) in the conventional and silvopastoral systems. The silvopastoral and conventional systems showed the highest levels of Shannon-Weaver diversity (H') and Pielou's evenness, demonstrating greater diversity and consequently greater richness and uniformity.

Enzyme Supplementation of Broiler Feeds with Reduced Mineral and Energy Levels

An experiment was conducted with the purpose of evaluatingenzyme blends on the performance, carcass traits, and bonemineralization of broilers. In total, 928 one-day-old Cobb 500 malechicks of were used. A completely randomized design with fourtreatments with eight replicates of 29 birds each was adopted. Theevaluated treatments were: 1- Positive Control (PC), feed containingthe nutritional recommendations of the genetic companys manual; 2-Negative Control (NC), feed with reductions of 75 kcal/kg AME and0.10 and 0.12 percent points of phosphorus and calcium, respectively;3 - NC + enzyme blend (amylase + β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase;250 g/t of feed) and 4 - NC + enzyme complex (phytase, amylase,xylanase, glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, and protease; 200 g/t offeed). Birds fed the diet with reduced nutrient levels (NC) presentedthe worst performance (p<0.05). The supplementation of the enzymeblend promoted similar (p<0.05) weight gain and feed conversion ratioas those obtained with the PC diet during the period of 1-21 daysof age. During the phase of 22-42 days and the entire experimentalperiod, weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved with the use ofthe enzyme combinations compared with the NC group, but remainedlower than the PC group. Enzymes combinations did not affect (p>0.05)carcass or parts yields. The broilers fed the reduced-nutrient and energydiet presented lower (p<0.05) tibial ash, calcium, and phosphoruscontents that the other treatments. The use of enzyme combinationsimproved the performance of broilers fed diets with reduced nutrientand energy levels.(AU)

Enzyme Supplementation of Broiler Feeds with Reduced Mineral and Energy Levels

An experiment was conducted with the purpose of evaluatingenzyme blends on the performance, carcass traits, and bonemineralization of broilers. In total, 928 one-day-old Cobb 500 malechicks of were used. A completely randomized design with fourtreatments with eight replicates of 29 birds each was adopted. Theevaluated treatments were: 1- Positive Control (PC), feed containingthe nutritional recommendations of the genetic company’s manual; 2-Negative Control (NC), feed with reductions of 75 kcal/kg AME and0.10 and 0.12 percent points of phosphorus and calcium, respectively;3 - NC + enzyme blend (amylase + β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase;250 g/t of feed) and 4 - NC + enzyme complex (phytase, amylase,xylanase, glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, and protease; 200 g/t offeed). Birds fed the diet with reduced nutrient levels (NC) presentedthe worst performance (p0.05)carcass or parts yields. The broilers fed the reduced-nutrient and energydiet presented lower (p<0.05) tibial ash, calcium, and phosphoruscontents that the other treatments. The use of enzyme combinationsimproved the performance of broilers fed diets with reduced nutrientand energy levels.

La importancia de la documentación odontológica en la identificación humana: relato de un caso / The importance of dental documentation in human identification: report of a case

La identificación humana es un proceso que reúne las más diversas áreas del conocimiento, pudiendo o no estar asociada a recursos computarizados o de imágenes. Los medios más comunes de identificación humana son el reconocimiento visual hecho por parientes o amigos y la identificación por medio de dactiloscopía, pero ambos tienen sus limitaciones, pues los cuerpos que se presntan carbonizados, esqueletizados o en fase adelantada de descomposición dificultan la identificación. La odontología se destaca en el medio pericial como una ciencia plenamente capacitada para ofrecer datos en la identificación de cuerpos, pues no sólo el aparato estomatológico sino también el cráneo puede ofrecer elementos valiosos que posibiliten la identificación positiva. Para que el proceso de identificación por los dientes sea efectivo, es necesaria una buena documentación del tratamiento realizado en cada paciente. Además de las anotaciones ejecutadas por el odontólogo, otro recurso de gran avalor es la toma radiográfica. El presente relato buscó demostrar la importancia de la documentación odontológica en la identificación humana, resaltando, en particular, el valor de las radiografías confeccionadas durante el tratamiento clínico de rutina, como prueba o documento a ser utilizado en los eventuales casos de esclarecimiento a la justicia. La identificación positiva de la víctima fue posible gracias a la utilización de las radiografías encontradas en la documentación odontoógica y la comparación de las mismas con el cadáver. El proceso criminal qaue apuraba las circunstancias de la muerte de la víctima, bien como la posible autoría del crimen, sólo tuvo su desenvolvimiento después de la identificación odontolegal del cadáver (viabilización de denuncia al ministerio público)