Revisiting the acute kidney injury in Wistar rats experimentally envenomated wity Bothrops jararacussu venom.

There is no consensus on whether serotherapy prevents acute kidney injury (AKI) and there is no pharmacotherapy to impede the disease. We aimed to elaborate an AKI model induced by the administration of Bothrops jararacussu (Bj) venom for preclinical studies. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 different groups: (1) Bj-IV: intravenous administration of 0.4 mg/kg Bj; (2) Bj-IP: intraperitoneal administration of 2.0 mg/kg Bj; (3) Bj-IM: intramuscular administration of 3.5 mg/kg Bj. For each corresponding control group, a 0.9% saline solution was administered. Kidneys, blood and urine samples were collected 24 or 72 h after administration of the Bj venom for renal function analysis. The IV- and IP-Bj groups presented a moderate tubular injury (score 3) and a time-dependent kidney dysfunction. In the Bj-IM group, renal tubular injury was aggravated (score 4) with collagen deposition and renal dysfunction was observed in the first 24 h: hyperfiltration, proteinuria, albuminuria and decreased fractional sodium excretion (FENa), regardless of the administered dose. Over time, the glomerular lesion was intensified, with a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR; 67%), blood urea-nitrogen (BUN; 68%) and urine volume decrease (71%). Proteinuria and tubular function returned to control levels after 72 h. We attributed the pronounced kidney injury and reduced filtration function in the Bj-IM to the muscle damage provoked by the IM administration. We concluded that the Bj-IM is the best preclinical model of AKI with the monitoring of the progression of renal function in the periods of 24 and 72 h.

Acute kidney injury overview: From basic findings to new prevention and therapy strategies.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a decrease in kidney function within hours, which encompasses both injury and impairment of renal function. AKI is not considered a pathological condition of single organ failure, but a syndrome in which the kidney plays an active role in the progression of multi-organ dysfunction. The incidence rate of AKI is increasing and becoming a common (8-16% of hospital admissions) and serious disease (four-fold increased hospital mortality) affecting public health costs worldwide. AKI also affects the young and previously healthy individuals affected by infectious diseases in Latin America. Because of the multifactorial pathophysiological mechanisms, there is no effective pharmacological therapy that prevents the evolution or reverses the injury once established; therefore, renal replacement therapy is the only current alternative available for renal patients. The awareness of an accurate and prompt recognition of AKI underlying the various clinical phenotypes is an urgent need for more effective therapeutic interventions to diminish mortality and socio-economic impacts of AKI. The use of biomarkers as an indicator of the initial stage of the disease is critical and the cornerstone to fulfill the gaps in the field. This review discusses emerging strategies from basic science toward the anticipation of features, treatment of AKI, and new treatments using pharmacological and stem cell therapies. We will also highlight bioartificial kidney studies, addressing the limitations of the development of this innovative technology.

Comparação in vitro da força de adesão das porcelanas In-ceram e Vitadur Alpha ao esmalte bovino com cimento resinoso Panavia F / Comparison in vitro of the bond strength of the porcelains In-ceram and Vitadur-Alpha to bovine enamel with the Panavia F resin cement

Este trabalho comparou in vitro os valores de adesão do cimento Panavia F (Kuraray) entre 2 tipos de porcelana: uma feldspática (Vitadur Alpha-Vita) e outra infiltrada (In-Ceram-Vita), quando cimentadas ao esmalte bovino. Vinte corpos-de-prova foram divididos em dois grupo: o grupo I continha 10 cilindros de Vitadur Alpha (que receberam condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico), o grupo II continha 10 clindros de In-ceram (que receberam jateamento com óxido de alumínio 50micrometros). As porcelanas de ambos os grupos receberam aplicação de agente silano de união. Estes clindros foram cimentados com o cimento Panavia F (Kuraray) ao esmalte bovino e a resistência ao cisalhamento foi testada em máquina de ensaios mecânicos Instron. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio de teste de análise estatística ANOVA e comprovaram a eficiência adesiva do cimento Panavia F (Kuraray) sobre a porcelana feldspática Vitadur Alpha (Vita) e a porcelana infiltrada In-Ceram (Vita); e comprovaram, também, que o jateamento com partículas de óxido de alumínio mostrou ser uma alternativa eficaz para o tratamento superficial da porcelana In-Ceram (Vita)