Zika virus infection among symptomatic patients from two healthcare centers in Sao Paulo State, Brazil: prevalence, clinical characteristics, viral detection in body fluids and serodynamics.

Zika virus (ZIKV) clinical presentation and frequency/duration of shedding need further clarification. Symptomatic ZIKV-infected individuals identified in two hospitals in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, were investigated regarding clinical characteristics, shedding in body fluids, and serodynamics. Ninety-four of 235 symptomatic patients (Site A: 58%; Site B: 16%) had Real-Time PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection; fever, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms were less frequent, and rash was more frequent compared to ZIKV-negative patients. Real-Time PCR in serum had worse performance compared to plasma, while urine had the highest sensitivity. Shedding in genital fluids and saliva was rare. IgM positivity was the highest <14 days after the symptoms onset (86%), decreasing >28 days (24%); IgG positivity increased >14 days (96%) remaining positive in 94% of patients >28 days. ZIKV prevalence varied importantly in two neighboring cities during the same transmission season. Urine Real-Time PCR can improve diagnostic sensitivity; serum testing is less useful. Accurate serological tests are needed to improve diagnosis and surveillance.

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Controlled Release of Tetracycline Incorporated into Bioactive Glasses.

Several authors have studied the release profile of drugs incorporated in different devices. However, to the best of our knowledge, although many studies have been done on the release of tetracycline, in these release devices, no study has investigated if the released compound is actually the tetracycline, or, instead, a degraded product. This approach is exploited here. In this work, we analyse the influence of two drying methods on the tetracycline delivery behaviour of synthesised glasses using the sol-gel process. We compare the drying methods results using both theoretical models and practical essays, and analyse the chemical characteristic of the released product in order to verify if it remains tetracycline. Samples were freeze-dried or dried in an oven at 37°C and characterised by several methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG), differential thermal analyses (DTA) and gas adsorption analysis (BET). The released concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride was studied as a function of time, and it was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry in the tetracycline wavelength. The drug delivery profiles were reasonably consistent with a diffusion model analysis. In addition, we observed higher release rates for the freeze-dried compared to those dried in an oven at 37°C. This higher release can be attributed to larger pore size for the freeze-dried sample systems with tetracycline, which promoted more water penetration, improving the drug diffusion. The analysis of the solution obtained in the release tests using high-performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) confirmed that tetracycline was being released.

Cross reactivity of commercial anti-dengue immunoassays in patients with acute Zika virus infection.

Several countries have local transmission of multiple arboviruses, in particular, dengue and Zika viruses, which have recently spread through many American countries. Cross reactivity among Flaviviruses is high and present a challenge for accurate identification of the infecting agent. Thus, we evaluated the level of cross reactivity of anti-dengue IgM/G Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) from three manufacturers against 122 serum samples obtained at two time-points from 61 patients with non-dengue confirmed Zika virus infection. All anti-dengue ELISAs cross reacted with serum from patients with acute Zika infection at some level and a worrisome number of seroconversion for dengue IgG and IgM was observed. These findings may impact the interpretation of currently standard criteria for dengue diagnosis in endemic regions.

Estudo clínico e de fatores de risco associados às alterações cardiovasculares em cães / Clinical study and associated risk factors of cardiovascular alterations in dogs

O conhecimento clínico das alterações cardíacas em cães é de fundamental importância na formulação de diagnósticos diferenciais e instituição terapêutica na rotina da Clínica Médica de Pequenos Animais. Objetivaram-se com este estudo descrever os aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e radiográficos inerentes as alterações cardiovasculares de cães cardiopatas atendidos no Hospital Veterinário de Patos-PB (HV). Para isso foram avaliados os prontuários clínicos de todos os animais atendidos no período de Janeiro de 2007 a Dezembro de 2012, selecionando-se 131 cães (GCARD) que apresentavam histórico, alterações clínicas e radiográficas compatíveis com cardiopatia. Para fins comparativos, um grupo controle sem cardiopatia de igual número foi criado (GCON). Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher e regressão logística múltipla, com nível de significância de 5%, utilizando-se o programa SPSS 20.0 for Windows. Edema pulmonar e alterações morfológicas cardíacas foram os achados radiográficos mais frequentes. Não houve diferença quanto ao sexo e prevaleceram os animais mais velhos e da raça poodle. Tosse, cansaço e tristeza foram as queixas mais comuns. Sopro, tártaro e alterações oculares foram os sinais clínicos de maior ocorrência. As variáveis relacionadas ao engasgo, tontura/fraqueza, creptação pulmonar, ascite, obesidade, tumor e tártaro foram identificadas como associadas às cardiopatias. O modelo final apresentou ajuste satisfatório (teste de Hosmer e Lemeshow: χ2=0,221; P=0,994; R2 = 0,46). Mesmo que não seja possível determinar o diagnóstico etiológico das cardiopatias, faz-se necessário que um amplo conhecimento clínico e epidemiológico destes seja cada vez mais consolidado, de modo que as consequências fisiopatológicas dos distúrbios cardíacos sejam rapidamente identificados, trazendo qualidade de vida a todos os pacientes cardiopatas.(AU)

The clinical knowledge of cardiac disorders in dogs is fundamental to diagnose and apply appropriate therapy in the routine of a Small Animal Clinic. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical, epidemiological and radiographic aspects inherent to cardiovascular changes of cardiopathic dogs examined at the Veterinary Hospital of Patos/PB, Brazil. Clinical records of all animals treated between January 2007 and December 2012 were evaluated. The 131 dogs (GCARD) selected for the study had clinical and radiographic changes compatible with heart disease. For comparison, a control group (GCON) with the same number of dogs with no history of heart disease was formed. Pulmonary edema and cardiac morphological alterations were the most frequent radiographic finding. The results showed that gender was not a factor; however, older Poodles were more commonly affected by cardiac disorders. Cough, tiredness and sadness were the most frequent complaints. Cardiac murmur, dental plaque and ocular abnormalities were the most frequent clinical signs. Variables related to choking (OR=14.59), dizziness/weakness (OR=8.6), pulmonary crepitation (OR=37.34), ascites (OR=18.32), obesity (OR=12.28), tumor (OR=4.25) and dental plaque (OR=3.75) were identified as associated with heart disease. Even if it is not possible to determine the etiologic diagnosis of heart diseases, a broad clinical and epidemiological knowledge of these diseases is necessary, so that the pathophysiological consequences of heart disease are quickly identified, bringing quality of life to all cardiopathic patients.(AU)

Frequência dos antígenos eritrocitários do sistema AB em felinos domésticos no estado da Paraíba / Frequency of AB blood System in domestic cats of Paraíba, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a frequência de antígenos eritrocitários do sistema AB em felinos domésticos da Paraíba, Brasil. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 178 gatos, clinicamente saudáveis, sem pré-requisitos quanto a sexo ou raça, com peso corporal acima de 1,5 kg e faixa etária acima de um ano de idade, abordados no ato da consulta ambulatorial em clínicas médicas de pequenos animais distribuídas entre três cidades da Paraíba (João Pessoa, Campina Grande e Patos). A determinação dos tipos sanguíneos foi realizada através do teste de hemaglutinação em tubo de ensaio e, a tipagem reversa foi realizada para as amostras tipos B e AB para confirmação e evidenciação de aloanticorpos naturais. Neste estudo a frequência relativa de antígenos eritrocitários A, B e AB em sua totalidade para felinos sem raça foram 98,1%, 1,21% e 0,69%, respectivamente. Todos os felinos com definição racial foram do tipo sanguíneo A. Diante destes, a probabilidade de ocorrência de reações transfusionais aleatórias obtidas foi de 2,78%, sendo cerca 40% (1,11%) potencialmente fatais. Desta forma, dado o conhecimento da frequência dos diferentes tipos sanguíneos em felinos, de uma determinada região, conclui-se que a tipagem sanguínea e o teste de compatibilidade, são importantes ferramentas que permitem ao médico veterinário tomar medidas preventivas que minimizem riscos de ocorrência de reações transfusionais e isoeletrólise neonatal e, estabelece pré-requisitos a respeito dos riscos de procedimentos hemoterápicos em felinos que circunstancialmente necessitem serem conduzidos de forma aleatória.

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of the AB blood group antigens system in domestic cats of Paraíba, Brazil. We randomly selected 178 cats which were clinically healthy, with no prerequisites in terms of gender or race, weighing above 1.5 kg, and were over one year of age. These cats were randomly selected when they entered the small animal clinic facilities in the cities of João Pessoa, Campina Grande and Patos. The determination of blood types was made using the hemagglutination test tube, and the reverse typing was performed for samples B and AB types and for confirmation of alloantibodies natural disclosure. In this study the relative frequency of A, B and AB blood group antigens in cats without a determined breed was 98.1%, 1.21% and 0.69% respectively. All cats with breed definition were blood type A. The likelihood of random transfusion reactions was 2.78%, approximately 40% (1.11%) potentially fatal. Thus, given knowledge of the frequency of different blood types in cats, from a given region, it is concluded that blood typing and compatibility test are important tools that enable the veterinarian to take preventative measures to minimize risks of isoelectrolisys reactions and neonatal transfusion, and establishes prerequisites about the risks of hemotherapic procedures in cats that require circumstantially to be conducted randomly.

An evaluation of factors associated with taking and responding positive to the tuberculin skin test in individuals with HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUND: The tuberculin skin test (TST) is still the standard test for detecting latent infection by M tuberculosis (LTBI). Given that the Brazilian Health Ministry recommends that the treatment of latent tuberculosis (LTBI) should be guided by the TST results, the present study sets out to describe the coverage of administering the TST in people living with HIV at two referral health centers in the city of Recife, where TST is offered to all patients. In addition, factors associated with the non-application of the test and with positive TST results were also analyzed. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with HIV patients, aged 18 years or over, attending outpatient clinics at the Correia Picanço Hospital/SES/PE and the Oswaldo Cruz/UPE University Hospital, who had been recommended to take the TST, in the period between November 2007 and February 2010. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to establish associations between the dependent variable - taking the TST (yes/no), at a first stage analysis, and the independent variables, followed by a second stage analysis considering a positive TST as the dependent variable. The odds ratio was calculated as the measure of association and the confidence interval (CI) at 95% as the measure of accuracy of the estimate. RESULTS: Of the 2,290 patients recruited, 1087 (47.5%) took the TST. Of the 1,087 patients who took the tuberculin skin test, the prevalence of TST ≥ 5 mm was 21.6% among patients with CD4 ≥ 200 and 9.49% among those with CD4 < 200 (p = 0.002). The patients most likely not to take the test were: men, people aged under 39 years, people with low educational levels and crack users. The risk for not taking the TST was statiscally different for health service. Patients who presented better immunity (CD4 ≥ 200) were more than two and a half times more likely to test positive that those with higher levels of immunodeficiency (CD4 < 200). CONCLUSIONS: Considering that the TST is recommended by the Brazilian health authorities, coverage for taking the test was very low. The most serious implication of this is that LTBI treatment was not carried out for the unidentified TST-positive patients, who may consequently go on to develop TB and eventually die.

Freud e o projeto da psicanálise / Freud and his psycho-analysis project

Neste artigo, as autoras propõem-se a destacar, a partir do estudo do artigo Porjeto para uma psicologia científica de Sigmund Freud de 1895, as principais idéias contidads na primeira parte deste trabalho bem como sua relevância teórica. Encontra-se no texto de Freud a origem de muitos conceitos desenvolvidos posterio-metapsicologia, especialmente em seu ponto de vista econômico e da psicanálise como uma ciência singular, inserida em um campo próprio, fato ocorrido a partir da redação do referido artigo. Prentende-se ainda, realizar uma breve articulação dos conceitos do Projeto com concepções posteriores da metapsicologia, no sentido de pensar aproximações e diferenças das mesmas

Perfil bacteriológico da tuberculose pulmonar na regiäo de Campinas e das Diretorias Regionais de Saúde XII, XV e XX - 1999/2000 / Bacteriologic profile of lung tuberculosis in the Campinas Region and XII, XV and XX Health Regional Department,-1999/2000

Com o objetivo de avaliar o diagnóstico bacteriológico e controle de tratamento da tuberculose, os autores analisaram, nos anos de 1999 e 2000, os exames processados pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Campinas e laboratórios de sua abrangência das Diretorias Regionais de Saúde (DIR)-XII, XV e XX, que atendem 93 municípios. Neste período foram realizados 53.341 baciloscopias, em 3.781 (7,1 por cento) foram detectados a presença de BAAR com positividade 4,9 por cento para diagnóstico, 1,2 por cento para controle de tratamento e 1 por cento para o sem informação quanto ao quesito diagnóstico e ou controle de tratamento. Foram realizadas 7.603 (14,3 por cento) culturas, havendo isolamento de microbactérias em 1.134 (14,9 por cento) amostras, 13,2 por cento para diagnóstico, 1,4 por cento para controle de tratamento e 0,3 por cento para o sem informação. Foram identificadas 936 cepas pertencentes ao complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e 48 ao complexo M.avium. O perfil de sensibilidade de 381 cepas de M.tuberculosis demonstrou que 78,0 por cento foram sensíveis às drogas testadas e 22,0 por cento resistentes a pelo menos uma droga. As análises destes dados contribuem para as ações do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose, auxiliando na determinação do perfil epidemiológico da doença na regiäo de Campinas e nas DIRs envolvidas. (AU)

With the purpose of evaluating the bacteriological diagnosis and the tuberculosis treatmentcontrol, the authors analyzed, in the years of 1999/2000, the tests processed by the Adolfo Lutz Institutein Campinas (SP), Health Regional Department (DIRS) and laboratories related to it from XII, XV and XX,witch serve 93 towns. During that period 53.341 samples were undertaken, 3.781 (7,1%) detected thepresence of BAAR with positiveness of 4,9% for diagnosis, 1,2% for treatment control and 1,0% for theones without information regarding the diagnosis item or treatment control. 7.603(14,3%) cultures weregrown, with isolation of micobacteria taking place in 1.134 (14,9%); 13,2% for diagnosis, 1,4% for treatmentcontrol and 0,3% for the ones lacking information. 936 heathers belonging to Mycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex and 48 belonging do M. avium complex were identified. The profile of sensitiveness of 381heathers of M. tuberculosis showed that 78% were sensitive to tested drugs used and 22% resisted atleast one drug. That data analyses have contributed to the realizations of the Tuberculosis ControlProgram, helping to determining the epidemiological profile of the illness in the Campinas region andinvolved DIRs. (AU)