Does land use and land cover affect adult communities of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT)? A systematic review with meta-analysis.

We conducted a systematic review to better understand this gap and analyzed i) in which global regions are studies usually conducted, ii) the taxon studied, iii) sampling methods and iv) how authors collaborated in these studies. We also tested the relationship between different types of land use and land cover and adult EPT communities using a meta-analysis. We searched for relevant articles on the website Web of Science, using specific words related to the subject. We found 454 papers and selected 31 of them for the scientometric analysis, as they were in accordance with our objectives, and eight for the meta-analysis. Among this subset, we observed that study areas and collaborations among authors were largely restricted to a few countries in Europe and North America. Most studies used the group Trichoptera, probably due to its diversity and the longevity of the adults compared to other groups. Light traps were the most common sampling method, most likely due to their efficiency in capturing flying insects with nocturnal habits. The greatest differences in adult EPT communities were found between open areas (moorland and prairie) and forest areas. This result indicated that the conversion of forest habitats into open areas negatively impacts adult EPT communities. Our systematic review can be an important tool to help researchers choose appropriate collection methods and taxonomic groups to work with in studies on impacts of land use change on adult EPT communities.

Fungicides in red wines produced in South America.

Although recent research has shown that pesticides can remain in wine, there is only legislation regarding the level of pesticides in grapes; no such regulations exist for wine. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of fungicides in 190 wines produced in southern South America, as well as to present a new method for the quantification of dithiocarbamates. The fungicides were analysed by LC-MS/MS and GC/MS using validated methods according to the SANTE recommendations. The results for dithiocarbamates are expressed in mancozeb equivalents and are reported herein for the first time. Of the 190 wines analysed, 40% had residues from at least one fungicide detected above the LOQ, and 16.3% of the wines contained levels of fungicides above the MRL for grapes. The fungicides most commonly found were dithiocarbamates, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, dimethomorph and cyprodinil. The new method for quantification of dithiocarbamates presented high accuracy (89.8-108.1%) and precision (HorRat values between: 0.5 - 1.1).