ABSTRACT
This study investigated what are the verbal cues provided in futsal contexts of teaching-learning, training, and official matches, and what are their attentional foci. A cue refers is a short instruction that constrains the students/athletes to direct their attention to critical elements for successful performance. 1543 instructional cues were collected from Physical Education (PE) classes, futsal training sessions and futsal matches of an official championship. Data were analysed based on content analysis method and categorized through the Systematic Analysis of Pedagogical Content Interventions. Inferential analyses were run by the Trend Module (Trend Analysis and Multiple Comparisons) of PEPI software. The results showed that the category offensive technique (passing) was the one with the highest number of instructions in the classes, training and matches. It was also observed that rules and violations were similar between curricular classes and futsal training sessions. The findings allowed to verify (i) the primary cues physical education teachers and coaches provided, (ii) about which critical aspects they referred to and (iii) their specificity regarding the context specificity (classes, training and matches). The findings provide useful insights into the design of instructional tasks as the instructional cues allow students/athletes to gain knowledge about the learning task and to direct their attention to critical elements for successful performance. (AU)
El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar cuáles son las pistas instructivas proporcionadas por los profesores de educación física (EF) en el contexto escolar de enseñanza-aprendizaje. entrenamientos y partidos oficiales del futsal, y sus respectivos focos de atención. Se recogieron 1543 pistas instructivas de las clases curriculares centradas en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de fútbol sala, entrenamientos de fútbol sala y partidos de fútbol sala de un campeonato escolar oficial, en los que participaron cuatro profesores de educación física. Los datos fueron analizados con base en el método de análisis de contenido y categorizados a través del Análisis Sistemático de Intervenciones de Contenido Pedagógico. Los análisis inferenciales fueron ejecutados por el Módulo de Tendencias (Análisis de Tendencias y Comparaciones Múltiples) del software PEPI. Los resultados mostraron que las pistas instructivas de la categoría técnica ofensiva (pases) fueron las más utilizadas en las clases, entrenamientos y partidos. También se observó que las reglas y las violaciones eran similares entre las clases curriculares y los entrenamientos. Los hallazgos permitieron verificar (i) las principales pistas instructivas utilizadas por los profesores de EF, (ii) sobre los aspectos críticos a los que se referían y (iii) su especificidad con respecto al contexto de enseñanza (clases, entrenamientos y partidos). Estos hallazgos brindan información útil sobre el diseño de tareas de instrucción, ya que las pistas instructivas permiten a los estudiantes adquirir conocimientos sobre la tarea de aprendizaje. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Sports , Education , Faculty , Physical Education and Training , SoccerABSTRACT
ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the goalkeeper's anticipatory and reaction time behaviors. For this purpose, 50 kicks performed by male futsal players were analyzed. The time of goalkeeper's response to a kick was analyzed in relation to the kick outcome, court zone and distance between the goalkeeper and player who performed the kick. The goalkeeper's anticipation and reaction time behaviors were those below and above 200 ms as the time criterion, respectively, by considering the moment the player began the preparation for kicking to the moment the goalkeeper began to respond to it. Results showed that the goalkeeper performed anticipatory behaviors predominantly when (i) goals were attained and (ii) kicks were performed in the center and attack court's zones (iii) at a distance ranging from 5.97 to 7.84 meters. In these conditions, the goalkeepers' anticipatory behaviors implied ineffective performances.
RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os comportamentos antecipatório e de tempo de reação do goleiro. Para este fim foram analisados 50 chutes executados por jogaores de futsal. O tempo de resposta do goleiro a um chute foi analisado em relação ao resultado do chute, à zona da quadra e à distância entre o goleiro e o jogador que executou o chute. Os comportamentos de antecipação e tempo de reação do goleiro foram considerados, respectivamente, como aqueles executados abaixo e acima de 200 ms considerando o início do movimento do chutador e o início do movimento do goleiro. Os resultados mostraram que o goleiro executou comportamentos antecipatórios predominantemente quando (i) ocorreram gols, (ii) os chutes foram executados das zonas central e de ataque, (iii) de distâncias entre 5,97 a 7,84 metros. Nestas condições, os comportamentos antecipatórios do goleiro implicaram em performances ineficazes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Behavior , Athletes , Reaction Time , Soccer , Sports/physiology , Speed Meters , Team Sports , Motor SkillsABSTRACT
Este trabalho investigou os efeitos da prática constante, anteriormente à prática variada, no processo adaptativo de aprendizagem motora em razão da validade ecológica e da especificidade da tarefa. Os participantes foram 108 crianças de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 11,3 (±0,4 anos), que foram divididas entre dois experimentos envolvendo cada um a aprendizagem de uma habilidade específica: (1) rebatida do tênis de mesa e (2) tacada do golfe. Ambos os estudos contaram com três grupos de diferentes quantidades de prática constante anteriormente à prática variada (aleatória ou por blocos) e, também, duas fases (estabilização e adaptação). As variáveis dependentes foram pontos (rebatida do tênis de mesa) e acertos no buraco (tacada do golfe). Os resultados evidenciaram efeitos da especificidade da tarefa, pois permitiram inferir a existência de uma quantidade ótima de prática constante (anteriormente à variada) apenas para a aprendizagem da rebatida do tênis de mesa.
This study investigated the effects on the amount of constant practice previously to the varied practice in the adaptive process for motor learning according to the ecological validity and specificity of the task. Participants were 108 children of both sexes (11.3 ± 0.4 years). They were split into two experiments involving the learning of a specific skill: (1) hit the table tennis and (2) putt golf. Both studies involved three groups of different amounts of constant practice prior to varied practice (blocked or random), and also two phases (stabilization and adaptation). Dependent variables were scores (hit the table tennis), and the number of hits the hole (golf putt). The results showed effects of task specificity because they showed the existence of an optimal amount of constant practice (prior to the varied) only for the learning of the hit the table tennis.
