ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Arterial filter is the part of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit where blood cells are exposed to high mechanical stress and where cellular aggregates may fasten in large quantities. The aim of this study was to analyse blood cell adhesiveness in the arterial filter through scanning electron microscopy and real-time PCR assay. METHODS: Prospective, clinical and observational study performed on 28 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Arterial filters were analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Real-time PCR assay was performed in extracted material from the arterial filters for analysis of platelet GPIb and CD45 leucocyte gene expression. Blood coagulation was analysed during cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients were followed until hospital discharge or 28 days after surgery. RESULTS: All studied arterial filters used in the subject patients showed a degree of adhesion from blood elements at scanning electron microscopy. All studied filters were positive for platelets GPIb gene expression and 15% had CD45 leucocyte gene expression. The GPIb platelet gene expression in blood lowered at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.019). There was negative correlation between blood GPIb platelet gene expression and Clot SR (HEPSCREEN2 ReoRox®) (rho = 0.635; p = 0.027). The filter fields count was correlated to the D-dimer dosage (rho = 0.828; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was adhesion of blood elements, especially nucleated platelets, on all arterial filters studied. Although the arterial filter worked as a safety device, that possibly prevented arterial embolisation, it may also have caused greater hyperfibrinolysis during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Cardiopulmonary Bypass , Blood Cells , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Cell Adhesion , Humans , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Prospective Studies , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
O principal distúrbio metabólico decorrente do Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e da Síndrome Metabólica corresponde a alterações no metabolismo lipídico. Portanto, torna-se importante a melhor compreensão de alguns aspectos do metabolismo de lipoproteínas plasmáticas. Nesse sentido, a avaliação do metabolismo dos quilomícrons e da transferência de lípides de lipoproteínas plasmáticas para a lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), pode fornecer informações importantes relacionadas com o processo aterogênico. No presente estudo, foram estudados 15 indivíduos portadores de Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, 15 indivíduos com Síndrome Metabólica e 14 controles normolipidêmicos. Foi avaliada a cinética plasmática de uma nanoemulsão lipídica artificial com comportamento metabólico similar ao dos quilomícrons naturais, marcada com triglicérides (TG-3H) e éster de colesterol (EC-14C) radioativos. A nanoemulsão de quilomícrons artificiais foi injetada endovenosamente e amostras de sangue foram coletadas durante intervalos préestabelecidos. As curvas de decaimento plasmático dos lípides radioativos da nanoemulsão foram traçadas e as taxas fracionais de remoção (TFR) foram calculadas por análise compartimental. Para avaliação da transferência de lípides foi utilizada uma nanoemulsão semelhante a LDL (LDE) marcada com TG-3H e colesterol livre-14C (CL-14C) ou fosfolípides-14C (PL-14C) e EC-3H, como doadora de lípides para a HDL. Após incubação in vitro da LDE com o plasma, seguiu-se a precipitação das lipoproteínas que contem apolipoproteína B, restando no sobrenadante apenas a HDL. As taxas de transferência de lípides foram expressas em % de radioatividade encontrada no sobrenadante. Também foi determinado o diâmetro da HDL por espalhamento de luz. A TFR-EC dos grupos DM2 (p <0,05) e SM (p <0,01) comparado ao grupo controle apresentou-se diminuída, enquanto que as TFR-TG foram similares nos três grupos. Houve maior transferência de fosfolípides e colesterol nos grupos DM2 e SM...
The main metabolic disturbances occurring as a result of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) are alterations in the metabolism of lipids. It is therefore, important to better understand the aspects by which plasma lipoproteins are metabolized. The evaluation of chylomicron metabolism and lipid transfer of high density lipoprotein (HDL) can thus yield useful information regarding the atherosclerotic process. In this study, 15 Type 2 Diabetes individuals, 15 Metabolic Syndrome individuals and 14 normolipidemic control individuals were studied. The plasmatic kinetics of an artificial lipidic nanoemulsion mimicking the behavior of natural chylomicrons were evaluated. This artificial chylomicron nanoemulsion, labele with radioactive triglycerides (TG-3H) and radioactive cholesteryl oleate (CO-14C) was injected intravenously and blood samples collected at pre-established time intervals. The plasmatic decay curve of the radioactive lipids of the nanoemulsion was traced and the fractional clearance rate calculated (FCR) through compartmental analysis. In order to evaluate the lipid transfer, we used a nanoemulsion similar to LDL., labeled with TG-3H and free cholesterol -14C (CL-14C) or with phospholipids -14C (PL-14C) and CO-3H, as a lipid donator to HDL. After in vitro nanoemulsion incubation with the plasma, the lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B were precipitated, resulting in a supernatant containing HDL. The lipid transfer rates were expressed in % of radioactivity measured in the supernatant. It was also determined the diameter of the HDL using light scattering technique. The TFR-EC for the DM2 (p <0.05) and MetS (p <0.01) groups when compared to the control group was reduced. The TFR-TG, on the other hand, remained similar in all three groups. The transfer of phospholipids and cholesterol for the DM2 (p<0.001) and MetS groups was greater than that of the control group (p<0.001)...
