ABSTRACT
We aimed to evaluate the effects of post-ruminal supply of urea (PRU) on nutritional status, and liver metabolism of pregnant beef cows during late gestation. Twenty-four Brahman dams, pregnant from a single sire, and weighing 545 kg ± 23 kg were confined into individual pens at 174 ± 23 d of gestation, and randomly assigned into one of two dietary treatments up to 270 d of gestation: Control (CON, n = 12), consisting of a basal diet supplemented with conventional urea, where the cows were fed with diets containing 13.5 g conventional urea per kg dry matter; and PRU (PRU, n = 12), consisting of a basal diet supplemented with a urea coated to extensively prevent ruminal degradation while being intestinally digestible, where the cows were fed with diets containing 14,8 g urea protected from ruminal degradation per kg dry matter. Post-ruminal supply of urea reduced the urine levels of 3-methylhistidine (P = 0.02). There were no differences between treatments for dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.76), total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake (P = 0.30), and in the body composition variables, such as, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT; P = 0.72), and rib eye area (REA; P = 0.85). In addition, there were no differences between treatments for serum levels of glucose (P = 0.87), and serum levels of glucogenic (P = 0.28), ketogenic (P = 0.72), glucogenic, and ketogenic (P = 0.45) amino acids, neither for urea in urine (P = 0.51) as well as urea serum (P = 0.30). One the other hand, enriched pathways were differentiated related to carbohydrate digestion, and absorption, glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway, and biosynthesis of amino acids of the exclusively expressed proteins in PRU cows. Shifting urea supply from the rumen to post-ruminal compartments decreases muscle catabolism in cows during late gestation. Our findings indicate that post-ruminal urea supplementation for beef cows at late gestation may improve the energy metabolism to support maternal demands. In addition, the post-ruminal urea release seems to be able to trigger pathways to counterbalance the oxidative stress associated to the increase liver metabolic rate.
Subject(s)
Milk , Nutritional Status , Animals , Cattle , Female , Pregnancy , Amino Acids/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Diet/veterinary , Digestion , Fermentation , Lactation , Liver/metabolism , Milk/metabolism , Rumen/metabolism , Urea/metabolismABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) no tratamento da tendinite induzida no tendão do músculo flexor digital superficial (TFDS) de eqüinos mediante avaliação ultra-sonográfica. Para isso foram utilizados seis eqüinos hígidos machos castrados, com idade de 8-15 anos (x=12 anos). A tendinite do TFDS foi provocada em ambos os membros torácicos, mediante a administração intratendínea de 2,5mg de colagenase (2,5mg.µL-1), sendo esse procedimento considerado o início da fase experimental. Doze dias após a indução da tendinite, os animais foram submetidos a dois tratamentos: sendo que na lesão efetuada no TFDS direito (grupo tratado, GT), foram administrados 2,5mL de PRP ativado com cloreto de cálcio a 0,0125mol.L-1, contendo concentrações variando de 320.000 a 500.000 plaquetas.µL-1; na tendinite do TFDS esquerdo (grupo controle, GC), foram injetados 2,5mL de solução salina a 0,9 por cento. Após cinco dias, os animais foram submetidos à atividade física controlada e progressiva durante 30 dias. Os exames ultra-sonográficos foram realizados antes e após indução da tendinite (48 horas após e no 7º, 12º, 14º, 21º, 28º, 35º, 42º dias do experimento), sendo avaliado a área transversal do tendão (ATT), área transversal da lesão (ATL), o percentual da ATL, a intensidade e ecogenicidade da lesão, assim como o paralelismo das fibras colágenas. Os resultados revelaram redução (P<0,05) da ATL e do grau de ecogenicidade da lesão em função do tempo, mas com diferença (P<0,05) entre grupos apenas para ATL, com valores menores no GT. O tratamento com PRP proporciona maior redução da área da lesão, mensurada por ultra-sonografia.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of induced tendinitis in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of horses through ultrasonographic evaluation. Thus, six 8 to15-year-old healthy gelding horses (x=12 years) were used. Tendinitis of the SDFT was provoked in both forelimbs via intratendineous administration of 2.5mg of collagenase (2.5mg.mL-1), what was considered as beginning of the experimental phase. Twelve days after induced tendinitis, the horses were submitted to two treatments: (1) in the lesion caused in the right SDFT (treated group, TG), 2.5mL of PRP activated with calcium chloride at 0.0125mol.L-1, at concentrations from 320,000 to 500,000 platelets.µL-1, were administered; (2) in the tendinitis of the left SDFT (control group, CG), 2.5mL of 0.9 percent saline solution was administered. After 5 days, the animals were submitted to controlled and progressive physical activity during 30 days. Ultrasonographic examinations were carried out before and after tendinitis induction (48 hours after and on experimental days 7, 12, 14, 21 28, 35 and 42), with tendon cross-sectional area (CSA), lesion cross-sectional area (L-CSA), L-CSA percentage, severity and echogenicity of the lesion, as well as collagen fiber alignment being evaluated. The result revealed reduction (P<0.05) in the L-CSA and in the degree of lesion echogenicity in function of time, but with difference (P<0.05) between groups only for L-CSA, with smaller values in TG. The treatment with PRP promotes greater reduction in the area of the lesion measured by ultrasound.
