ABSTRACT
Sixty-eight 4-6 year old children who co-slept with their parents and who avoided sleeping alone due to intense nighttime fears were randomized to a brief combined parent-based intervention (CBT-based bibliotherapy plus doll) or a wait list control group. After the waiting period, the wait list participants were offered treatment. Co-sleeping patterns, sleep records, anxiety, general fears, and behavior problems were assessed with parent-report measures. Nighttime fears were assessed with parent-report measures and a single item visual analogue scale for the young children. Assessments were completed pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 3 months following treatment. Results showed that the combined intervention was superior to the wait list control condition and that treatment effects were maintained at 3-month follow-up. This study provides initial support for use of CBT-based bibliotherapy plus doll in the treatment of nighttime fears. Such a treatment might be used to supplement standard CBT approaches in routine clinical practice or in a stepped care approach to treatment.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/psychology , Anxiety/therapy , Bibliotherapy/methods , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Fear/psychology , Play and Playthings/psychology , Sleep/physiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Waiting ListsABSTRACT
The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) for school-age children includes three instruments for assessing emotional and/or behavioral problems: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), completed by parents, Youth Self-Report (YSR), completed by adolescents and Teacher's Report Form (TRF), completed by teachers. This review article gives detailed information on the development of these forms in the United States and Brazil, describing the main changes to the items, scales and score cut-off points in original versions between 1991 and 2001, as well as the process involved in the translation, back-translation and cultural adaptation of the original questionnaires to develop the current official Brazilian versions of the CBCL, YSR and TRF. The utility of these tools for research and clinical practice is highlighted, mentioning epidemiological studies and evaluation of interventions conducted in Brazil. Researchers' and clinicians' doubts regarding the correct use of the current official Brazilian versions are answered, giving examples of frequently asked questions relevant to the Brazilian context.
Subject(s)
Checklist , Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Child Behavior/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adolescent , Brazil , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/psychology , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Female , Humans , Language , Male , TranslatingABSTRACT
The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) for school-age children includes three instruments for assessing emotional and/or behavioral problems: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), completed by parents, Youth Self-Report (YSR), completed by adolescents and Teacher's Report Form (TRF), completed by teachers. This review article gives detailed information on the development of these forms in the United States and Brazil, describing the main changes to the items, scales and score cut-off points in original versions between 1991 and 2001, as well as the process involved in the translation, back-translation and cultural adaptation of the original questionnaires to develop the current official Brazilian versions of the CBCL, YSR and TRF. The utility of these tools for research and clinical practice is highlighted, mentioning epidemiological studies and evaluation of interventions conducted in Brazil. Researchers' and clinicians' doubts regarding the correct use of the current official Brazilian versions are answered, giving examples of frequently asked questions relevant to the Brazilian context.
O Sistema de Avaliação de Base Empírica de Achenbach para crianças/adolescentes em idade escolar inclui três instrumentos para avaliar problemas emocionais e/ou comportamentais: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) [pais], Youth Self-Report (YSR) [adolescentes] e Teacher's Report Form (TRF) [professores]. Este artigo de revisão fornece informações detalhadas sobre o desenvolvimento desses instrumentos nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil, descrevendo as principais alterações em itens, escalas e pontos de corte na pontuação, ocorridas nas versões originais de 1991 a 2001, e o processo de tradução, retrotradução e adaptação cultural dos questionários originais para desenvolver as atuais versões brasileiras oficiais do CBCL, YSR e TRF. A utilidade desses instrumentos em pesquisa e na prática clínica é salientada, mencionando estudos epidemiológicos e de avaliação de intervenções conduzidos no Brasil. Pesquisadores e clínicos são instruídos a respeito do uso correto das atuais versões brasileiras oficiais, dando exemplos de perguntas frequentes, relevantes para o contexto brasileiro.
El sistema de evaluación de base empírica de Achenbach para niños/adolescentes en edad escolar incluye tres instrumentos para evaluar problemas emocionales y/o de comportamiento: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) [padres], Youth Self-Report (YSR) [adolescentes] y Teacher's Report Form (TRF) [profesores]. Este artículo de revisión proporciona información detallada sobre el desarrollo de estos instrumentos en los Estados Unidos y en Brasil, describiendo las principales alteraciones en ítems, escalas y puntos de corte en la puntuación, que se realizaron en las versiones originales de 1991 a 2001, y el proceso de traducción, retrotraducción y adaptación cultural de los cuestionarios originales, con el fin de desarrollar las actuales versiones brasileñas oficiales del CBCL, YSR y TRF. La utilidad de estos instrumentos en investigación y en la práctica clínica se resalta mencionando estudios epidemiológicos y de evaluación de intervenciones, llevados a cabo en Brasil. Investigadores y personal clínico son instruidos en lo que se refiere al uso correcto de las actuales versiones brasileñas oficiales, dando ejemplos de preguntas frecuentes y relevantes para el contexto brasileño.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Checklist , Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Child Behavior/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Brazil , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Child Behavior Disorders/psychology , Language , TranslatingABSTRACT
PURPOSES: To investigate the efficacy of alarm treatment in a sample of Brazilian children and adolescents with nocturnal enuresis and relate treatment success to age and type of clinical support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During 32 weeks, 84 children and adolescents received alarm treatment together with weekly psychological support sessions for individual families or groups of 5 to 10 families. RESULTS: 71% of the participants achieved success, defined as 14 consecutive dry nights. The result was similar for children and adolescents and for individual or group support. The time until success was shorter for participants missing fewer support sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Alarm treatment was effective for the present sample, regardless of age or type of support. Missing a higher number of support sessions, which may reflect low motivation for treatment, increased the risk of failure.
Subject(s)
Behavior Therapy/instrumentation , Clinical Alarms , Nocturnal Enuresis/psychology , Nocturnal Enuresis/therapy , Adolescent , Child , Humans , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSES: To investigate the efficacy of alarm treatment in a sample of Brazilian children and adolescents with nocturnal enuresis and relate treatment success to age and type of clinical support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During 32 weeks, 84 children and adolescents received alarm treatment together with weekly psychological support sessions for individual families or groups of 5 to 10 families. RESULTS: 71 percent of the participants achieved success, defined as 14 consecutive dry nights. The result was similar for children and adolescents and for individual or group support. The time until success was shorter for participants missing fewer support sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Alarm treatment was effective for the present sample, regardless of age or type of support. Missing a higher number of support sessions, which may reflect low motivation for treatment, increased the risk of failure.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Behavior Therapy/instrumentation , Clinical Alarms , Nocturnal Enuresis/psychology , Nocturnal Enuresis/therapy , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Compare parents' reports of youth problems (PRYP) with adolescent problems self-reports (APSR) pre/post behavioral treatment of nocturnal enuresis (NE) based on the use of a urine alarm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adolescents (N = 19) with mono-symptomatic (primary or secondary) nocturnal enuresis group treatment for 40 weeks. Discharge criterion was established as 8 weeks with consecutive dry nights. PRYP and APSR were scored by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR). RESULTS: Pre-treatment data: 1) Higher number of clinical cases based on parent report than on self-report for Internalizing Problems (IP) (13/19 vs. 4/19), Externalizing Problems (EP) (7/19 vs. 5/19) and Total Problem (TP) (11/19 vs. 5/19); 2) Mean PRYP scores for IP (60.8) and TP (61) were within the deviant range (T score > or 60); while mean PRYP scores for EP (57.4) and mean APSR scores (IP = 52.4, EP = 49.5, TP = 52.4) were within the normal range. Difference between PRYP' and APSR' scores was significant. Post treatment data: 1) Discharge for majority of the participants (16/19); 2) Reduction in the number of clinical cases on parental evaluation: 9/19 adolescents remained within clinical range for IP, 2/19 for EP, and 7/19 for TP. 3) All post-treatment mean scores were within the normal range; the difference between pre and post evaluation scores was significant for PRYP. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral treatment based on the use of urine alarm is effective for adolescents with mono-symptomatic (primary and secondary) nocturnal enuresis. The study favors the hypothesis that enuresis is a cause, not a consequence, of other behavioral problems.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Nocturnal Enuresis/psychology , Nocturnal Enuresis/therapy , Parents , Self-Assessment , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Compare parents' reports of youth problems (PRYP) with adolescent problems self-reports (APSR) pre/post behavioral treatment of nocturnal enuresis (NE) based on the use of a urine alarm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adolescents (N = 19) with mono-symptomatic (primary or secondary) nocturnal enuresis group treatment for 40 weeks. Discharge criterion was established as 8 weeks with consecutive dry nights. PRYP and APSR were scored by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR). RESULTS: Pre-treatment data: 1) Higher number of clinical cases based on parent report than on self-report for Internalizing Problems (IP) (13/19 vs. 4/19), Externalizing Problems (EP) (7/19 vs. 5/19) and Total Problem (TP) (11/19 vs. 5/19); 2) Mean PRYP scores for IP (60.8) and TP (61) were within the deviant range (T score ≥ 60); while mean PRYP scores for EP (57.4) and mean APSR scores (IP = 52.4, EP = 49.5, TP = 52.4) were within the normal range. Difference between PRYP' and APSR' scores was significant. Post treatment data: 1) Discharge for majority of the participants (16/19); 2) Reduction in the number of clinical cases on parental evaluation: 9/19 adolescents remained within clinical range for IP, 2/19 for EP, and 7/19 for TP. 3) All post-treatment mean scores were within the normal range; the difference between pre and post evaluation scores was significant for PRYP. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral treatment based on the use of urine alarm is effective for adolescents with mono-symptomatic (primary and secondary) nocturnal enuresis. The study favors the hypothesis that enuresis is a cause, not a consequence, of other behavioral problems.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Nocturnal Enuresis/psychology , Nocturnal Enuresis/therapy , Parents , Self-AssessmentABSTRACT
A equipe de pesquisa das autoras, por anos, desenvolve estudos com um objetivo comum: encontrar formas alternativas para ajudar as famílias desprivilegiadas socialmente. Este trabalho é um dessa série e descreve uma intervenção envolvendo a família e a escola de 13 crianças com déficits sociais e acadêmicos. Para prevenir a evasão a intervenção foi massiva: pais e crianças receberam atendimento psicológico na escola pública das crianças, em grupos diferenciados e no mesmo período, as professoras foram treinadas na condução de um programa de educação sócio-afetiva. Cbcls dos pais, e Trfs das professoras do grupo de crianças com déficits e de grupo de crianças que, conforme as professoras prescindiam do atendimento (grupo de validação), foram avaliados antes e depois da intervenção e demonstram mudanças positivas nas percepções de pais e professores do grupo de crianças atendidas, tanto em comparação com seu desempenho ao início da pesquisa quanto em relação ao grupo de validação.(AU)
For a long time the research team of the authors have cnducted studies with a common objective: to find alternative forms to help underprivileged families. The present work reports one of the studies, where the team tried to find better ways to work with 13 children with social and academic deficits, and their families. To prevent the attrition rate the families were helped massively for a short period of time throughout psychological sessions with parents and with the children at school. At the same time teachers were trained to develop an affective education program for their children. CBCLs and the teachers' TRFs were compared with the ones from the group of social validation (suitable children according to teachers as those that could spare psychological attendance). The perceptions of the parents, observers and the teachers and of the students of the first group of children were more positive after the intervention.(AU)
ABSTRACT
Este estudo busca discutir algumas relações entre a Psicologia Clínica e os programas de intervenção clínica comunitários de caráter terapêutico e preventivo. Primeiro faz uma caracteriza dos tipos de programas de intervenção comunitários. Em seguida, mostra a evolução da Psicologia Comunitária americana cujos programas hoje, independente do tipo, são predominantemente empíricos e preventivos. Finalmente, tanto a caracterização quanto a análise evolutiva promovidas dão margem ao exame de alguns estudos de intervenção clínica comunitária produzidos no Brasil, a partir dos anos 80, cuja maioria deles se situa dentro de um referencial teórico de concepção da prevenção como fenômeno biopsicossocial(AU)
Subject(s)
Psychology, Clinical , Health PromotionABSTRACT
Este estudo busca discutir algumas relações entre a Psicologia Clínica e os programas de intervenção clínica comunitários de caráter terapêutico e preventivo. Primeiro faz uma caracteriza dos tipos de programas de intervenção comunitários. Em seguida, mostra a evolução da Psicologia Comunitária americana cujos programas hoje, independente do tipo, são predominantemente empíricos e preventivos. Finalmente, tanto a caracterização quanto a análise evolutiva promovidas dão margem ao exame de alguns estudos de intervenção clínica comunitária produzidos no Brasil, a partir dos anos 80, cuja maioria deles se situa dentro de um referencial teórico de concepção da prevenção como fenômeno biopsicossocial
Subject(s)
Health Promotion , Psychology, ClinicalABSTRACT
Alguns transtornos da infancia e da adolescencia sao discutidos, sob um enfoque comportamental, e com a utilizacao de criterios para diagnostico do DSM-IV. Sao fornecidos dados da literatura acerca da manifestacao, prevalencia, etiologia e prognostico dos seguintes transtornos: Autismo, Transtorno de Deficit de Atencao/Hiperatividade, Transtornos do Humor (Depressao Maior e Distimia), da Ansiedade (Fobia Especifica e Transtorno de Ansiedade de Separacao) e de Expulsao (Enurese e Encoprese). Estrategias de intervencao dentro do enfoque comportamental sao tambem discutidas.
