Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection in a captive-bred American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana).

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is widely known as a progressive disease that affects endothermic animals, leading to death and/or economical losses, while mycobacterial infections in amphibians are commonly due to nontuberculous mycobacteria. To the authors' knowledge, this report describes the first case of bovine tuberculosis in a poikilothermic animal. CASE PRESENTATION: An adult female captive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus Shaw, 1802) died in a Brazilian aquarium. Multiple granulomas with acid-fast bacilli were observed in several organs. Identification of Mycobacterium bovis was accomplished by culture and PCR methods. The other animals from the same enclosure were euthanized, but no evidence of mycobacterial infection was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The American bullfrog was introduced in several countries around the world as an alternative husbandry, and its production is purposed for zoological and aquarium collections, biomedical research, education, human consumption and pet market. The present report warns about an episode of bovine tuberculosis in an amphibian, therefore further studies are necessary to define this frog species' role in the epidemiology of M. bovis.

Cutaneous mycobacteriosis in a captive Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis.

An adult male Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis under human care presented with 3 circular cutaneous lesions on the dorsal aspect of the rostrum and between the nostrils (plenum). Initially these lesions were superficial, hypopigmented, without warmth and non-painful. Microbiological cultures of skin swabs isolated Candida sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and topical treatment with antiseptic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic medication was instituted. This treatment strategy did not lead to any clinical improvement, and after 6 mo, the lesions progressed to a confluent abscess (5.0 × 3.0 cm) with increased temperature and obvious discomfort on palpation. An impression smear of a cutaneous biopsy was submitted for Ziehl-Neelsen staining and after detection of acid-fast bacilli, the cutaneous biopsy and a swab from the lesion were sent for histopathology, culture and sensitivity testing. After 5 d of incubation and through PCR-restriction analysis of the isolates, Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. abscessus were identified. Sensitivity testing indicated that the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin, and after draining of the lesion and administration of systemic antibiotic treatment, there was rapid clinical improvement. This report describes non-healing lesions in an aquatic animal and illustrates the importance of evaluating the presence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria, opportunistic pathogens which are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, in protracted, non-responsive cases. We also highlight the importance of a correct diagnosis and treatment approach, and we review concerns that these bacteria are zoonotic agents and are frequently resistant to conventional antibiotics.

Behavioral responses of Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) (Foster) to saltwater versus freshwater.

The most common penguin species found along the coast of Brazil is the Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus). These penguins spend most of their time foraging for food in the oceans. This information is vital to the maintenance of this species in captivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the behavioral response of a group of Magellanic Penguins (S. magellanicus) in two different conditions of water--fresh and salt. The work was divided into two phases. First, animals were kept in enclosures with access to freshwater. Then they were housed with access to saltwater. Behaviors were recorded by scan sampling per interval of time, totaling 7,200 records for each animal. The results show that the use of saltwater for this group of animals kept in captivity was more effective for increasing the time the animals spent in the water, increasing foraging behavior, stimulating swimming, and providing display of typical behaviors of the species, showing that access to a saltwater environment is an important tool in trying to provide well-being for this species in captivity.

Occurence of bacterial urinary tract infection in hand reared lesser anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla)- Case Report

On October, 2009 and on May, 2011, two orphan lesser anteaters, with approximately two and five months of age, respectively, were received at the Aquário de São Paulo. Both were hand reared. Urine analysis were performed on both animals, and changes such as hematuria, pyuria and bacteria were observed.  The treatment plan was chosen aiming to acidify the urine, eliminate the crystals and the bacterial infection. The antibiotics that were used were chosen according with the antibiograms" result. Preventive medicine programs are being performed frequently with the intention of establishing reference parameters of extreme relevance for the maintenance of this species in captivity. In the case of anteaters, who present low intrinsic rates of population growth, the maintenance of a minimum viable population is utterly necessary.

Occurence of bacterial urinary tract infection in hand reared lesser anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla)- Case Report

On October, 2009 and on May, 2011, two orphan lesser anteaters, with approximately two and five months of age, respectively, were received at the Aquário de São Paulo. Both were hand reared. Urine analysis were performed on both animals, and changes such as hematuria, pyuria and bacteria were observed.  The treatment plan was chosen aiming to acidify the urine, eliminate the crystals and the bacterial infection. The antibiotics that were used were chosen according with the antibiograms" result. Preventive medicine programs are being performed frequently with the intention of establishing reference parameters of extreme relevance for the maintenance of this species in captivity. In the case of anteaters, who present low intrinsic rates of population growth, the maintenance of a minimum viable population is utterly necessary.