ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) patients experience non-motor symptoms (NMS), which may appear before motor manifestations. The most common NMS is depression, affecting about 30-40% of PD patients. Both PD and depression are associated with an increased inflammatory burden, with studies showing elevation of diverse inflammatory markers in patients with both conditions. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in PubMed and PsycINFO databases to investigate what inflammatory markers are associated with PD depression (PDD). Only studies in English that measured inflammatory markers and analyzed against depression scores in PD patients were included. RESULTS: A total of 1132 articles were retrieved, and 14 entries were found to be eligible. Twelve were cross-sectional studies, one was a cohort, and one was a non-randomized controlled trial. IL-17A was the only marker strongly associated with PDD, while studies assessing sIL-2R and serum amyloid A found a moderate correlation. C-reactive protein, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and IL-6 yielded conflicting results. Their possible roles in PDD are discussed. PDD was also related to longer disease duration and other NMS, such as anxiety, fatigue, dementia, REM sleep behavior disorder, and autonomic dysfunction. CONCLUSION: We suggest that these markers may be used for distinguishing isolated depression from that related to neurodegeneration, especially in individuals that concurrently present with other known prodromal symptoms of PD and other α-synucleinopathies. However, future prospective studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.
Subject(s)
Parkinson Disease , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder , Synucleinopathies , Humans , Depression/etiology , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder/complications , Anxiety , BiomarkersABSTRACT
A pseudoartrose congênita da clavícula é uma doença rara de etiologia desconhecida. Trata-se de uma patologia não familiar, em geral unilateral, com alta predominância pelo lado direito e pelo sexo masculino. Foi descrita inicialmente por Fitzwillians em 1910. Existem até o momento aproximadamente 200 relatos de caso na literatura. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui a pseudoartrose pós-traumática (tocotraumatismo), a disostose cleidocranial, a osteogênese imperfeita e a neurofibromatose. Os autores apresentam um paciente, masculino, de 28 dias de vida, com uma massa indolor situada no terço médio da clavícula direita.
Congenital pseudartrosis of the clavicle is a rare disease of unknown etiology. It is a non-familial disorder which is usually unilateral, with a high prevalence for the right side and males. It was first reported by Fitzwillians in 1910. There are up to now about 200 case reports in the literature. The differential diagnosis includes post-traumatic pseudartrosis (birth trauma), cleidocranial disostosis, imperfect osteogenesis, and neurofibromatosis. The authors report the case of a 28-day old male patient with a painless mass at the medium third of the right clavicle.
