Disseminated sporotrichosis with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV patient: Case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis has been occurring as outbreaks in Brazil, reaching epidemic levels in some regions. Zoonotic transmission is the main route to acquire Sporothrix. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of disseminated sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in an HIV/AIDS patient, with the presentation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). CONCLUSIONS: This case reinforces that sporotrichosis should always be suspected in patients with IRIS from endemic regions, even in patients without the typical cutaneous lesions of this mycosis.

Disseminated sporotrichosis with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV patient: case report and review of the literature / Esporotricosis diseminada y síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución inmune en un paciente con VIH: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis has been occurring as outbreaks in Brazil, reaching epidemic levels in some regions. Zoonotic transmission is the main route to acquire Sporothrix. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of disseminated sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in an HIV/AIDS patient, with the presentation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). CONCLUSIONS: This case reinforces that sporotrichosis should always be suspected in patients with IRIS from endemic regions, even in patients without the typical cutaneous lesions of this mycosis

ANTECEDENTES: La esporotricosis suele aparecer en Brasil en forma de brotes y alcanza tasas epidémicas en algunas regiones. La ruta principal de transmisión es la zoonótica. CASO CLÍNICO: Describimos un caso de esporotricosis diseminada causado por Sporothrix brasiliensis en una paciente con VIH/sida que presentó un síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución inmune (SIRI). CONCLUSIONES: Este caso demuestra que en regiones endémicas de esporotricosis esta micosis siempre debe ser sospechada en casos de SIRI, incluso en pacientes sin las lesiones cutáneas típicas de esta enfermedad

Histoplasma capsulatum and Mycobacterium avium co-infection in an immunocompromised patient: Case report and literature review.

We report a case of fungal and mycobacterial co-infection in an immunosuppressed patient from Southern Brazil. Histoplasmosis was diagnosed in an AIDS patient admitted to the hospital with nonspecific respiratory signs. However, 4 months post hospital discharge, the patient worsened and a co-infection with Mycobacterium avium was detected. Physicians must consider and investigate a broad spectrum of diseases which can occur as co-infections and which share the same clinical symptoms and signs in immunosuppressed patients.

Virologic and immunologic effectiveness at 48 weeks of darunavir-ritonavir-based regimens in treatment-experienced persons living with HIV-1 infection in clinical practice: a multicenter Brazilian cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Published data addressing the effectiveness of darunavir-ritonavir (DRV/r)-based therapy for multiexperienced patients in developing countries are scarce. This study evaluated the 48-week virologic and immunologic effectiveness of salvage therapy based on DRV/r for the treatment of multidrug-experienced HIV-1-infected adults in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was carried out with multidrug-experienced adults who were on a failing antiretroviral therapy and started a DRV/r-based salvage therapy between 2008 and 2010. The primary effectiveness end point was the proportion of patients with virologic success (plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL at week 48). RESULTS: At 48 weeks, 73% of the patients had HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL and a mean increase of 108 CD4 cells/mm(3). Higher baseline viral load, lower baseline CD4 count, younger age, and 3 or more DRV/r-associated resistance mutations were significantly predictive of virologic failure. Concomitant use of raltegravir was strongly associated with virologic success. CONCLUSION: The use of DRV/r-based regimens for salvage therapy is an effective strategy in the clinical care setting of a developing country.

The effect of combined polymorphisms in chemokines and chemokine receptors on the clinical course of HIV-1 infection in a Brazilian population.

Polymorphisms in genes that encode chemokines or their receptors can modulate susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and disease progression. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of polymorphisms CCR5-Δ32, CCR2-64I, CCR5-59029A and SDF1-3'A and their role in the course of HIV infection in a Southern Brazilian population. Clinical data were obtained from 249 patients for an average period of 6.4 years and genotypes were determined by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Survival analyses were conducted for three outcomes: CD4+ T-cell counts below 200 cells/µL, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or death. The frequency of the polymorphisms CCR5-Δ32, CCR2-64I, CCR5-59029A and SDF1-3'A were 0.024, 0.113, 0.487 and 0.207, respectively. CCR5-Δ32 was associated with a reduction in the risk for CD4+ T-cell depletion and with an increased risk for death after AIDS diagnosis. CCR2-64I was associated with a reduction in the risk for developing AIDS. SDF1-3'A was also associated with decreased risk for AIDS, but its effect was only evident when CCR2-64I was present as well. These results highlight the possibility of using these markers as indicators for the prognosis of disease progression and provide evidence for the importance of analysing the effects of gene polymorphisms in a combined fashion.

The effect of combined polymorphisms in chemokines and chemokine receptors on the clinical course of HIV-1 infection in a Brazilian population

Polymorphisms in genes that encode chemokines or their receptors can modulate susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and disease progression. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of polymorphisms CCR5-Δ32, CCR2-64I, CCR5-59029A and SDF1-3'A and their role in the course of HIV infection in a Southern Brazilian population. Clinical data were obtained from 249 patients for an average period of 6.4 years and genotypes were determined by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Survival analyses were conducted for three outcomes: CD4+ T-cell counts below 200 cells/µL, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or death. The frequency of the polymorphisms CCR5-Δ32, CCR2-64I, CCR5-59029A and SDF1-3'A were 0.024, 0.113, 0.487 and 0.207, respectively. CCR5-Δ32 was associated with a reduction in the risk for CD4+ T-cell depletion and with an increased risk for death after AIDS diagnosis. CCR2-64I was associated with a reduction in the risk for developing AIDS. SDF1-3'A was also associated with decreased risk for AIDS, but its effect was only evident when CCR2-64I was present as well. These results highlight the possibility of using these markers as indicators for the prognosis of disease progression and provide evidence for the importance of analysing the effects of gene polymorphisms in a combined fashion.

Prevalência e fatores associados à tuberculose em pacientes soropositivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana em centro de referência para tratamento da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul / Prevalence of and factors related to tuberculosis in seropositive human immunodeficiency virus patients at a reference center for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Considerando a relevância da co-infecção vírus da imunodeficiência humana/tuberculose, este estudo foi desenvolvido para determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados à tuberculose em pacientes residentes em uma zona de alta prevalência das duas infecções. MÉTODOS: Todos os pacientes atendidos no ano de 1999 no Serviço HIV/AIDS do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande foram avaliados retrospectivamente desde o momento do diagnóstico da presença do vírus da imunodeficiência humana, em relação à ocorrência de tuberculose e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e imunológicos. RESULTADOS: A amostra incluiu 204 pacientes e a prevalência encontrada de tuberculose foi de 27 por cento. A análise multivariada mostrou que existe uma associação significativa do desenvolvimento de tuberculose com a raça negra (razão de chance: 4,76; intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento: 1,93 -11,72) e uma relação inversa com a contagem de linfócitos TCD4+ no momento do diagnóstico do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (razão de chance: 0,995; intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento: 0,993-0,997). O sexo masculino (razão de chance: 2,49; intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento: 1,15-5,39) e o uso de drogas (razão de chance: 2,1; intervalo de confiança: 95 por cento de 1,02-4,31) podem também ser fatores de risco quando analisados separadamente. CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da tuberculose entre os pacientes soropositivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana incluem os aspectos imunitários e fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos. A alta taxa de tuberculose em pacientes soropositivos torna urgente implementar estratégias que combinem rápida identificação e tratamento dos casos, comunicantes e indivíduos com infecção latente.

Prevalence of and factors related to tuberculosis in seropositive human immunodeficiency virus patients at a reference center for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: In view of the relevance of co-infection with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus, this study was designed to determine tuberculosis prevalence and identify factors related to tuberculosis in patients residing in a region in which both infections are highly prevalent. METHODS: All patients treated during 1999 at the HIV/AIDS Clinic of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (Rio Grande Federal University) University Hospital were evaluated retrospectively, from the time of human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis, in terms of the incidence of tuberculosis and its relationship to sociodemographic, behavioral and immunological factors. RESULTS: The sample included 204 patients, and tuberculosis prevalence was found to be 27%. The multivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between the development of tuberculosis and being of African descent (odds ratio: 4.76; 95% confidence interval: 1.93-11.72) and an inverse correlation between the development of tuberculosis and the TCD4+ lymphocyte count at the time of human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis (odds ratio: 0.995; 95% confidence interval: 0.993-0.997). When analyzed separately, other variables were found to be potential risk factors: being of the male gender (odds ratio: 2.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.15-5.39); and using illicit drugs (odds ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-4.31). CONCLUSION: The factors responsible for the development of tuberculosis among patients who are human immunodeficiency virus seropositive include immunological, socioeconomic and demographic factors. The high rate of tuberculosis prevalence among the seropositive patients underscores the urgent need to implement strategies that combine rapid identification and prompt treatment of individuals with active or latent infection, as well as of those with whom they have been in contact.