Subject(s)
Autoantibodies/blood , DEAD-box RNA Helicases/immunology , Dermatomyositis/therapy , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/complications , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Humans , Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1 , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Lung/pathology , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/drug therapy , Male , Plasmapheresis , Polymyxin B/administration & dosage , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an important clinical outcome after liver transplantation (LT) in selected patients. Prevalence rates for recurrent PBC (rPBC) reported by individual LT programs range between 9% and 35%. The diagnostic hallmark of rPBC is histologic identification of granulomatous changes. Clinical and biochemical features are frequently absent with rPBC and cannot be used alone for diagnostic purposes. Some of the risk factors of rPBC may include recipient factors such as age, gender, HLA status and immunosuppression, as well as donor factors such as age, gender and ischemic time, although controversy exists. Most patients have early stage disease at the time of diagnosis, and there may be a role for therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid. While short- and medium-term outcomes remain favorable, especially if compared to patients transplanted for other indications, continued follow-up may identify reduced long-term graft and patient survival.
Subject(s)
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/epidemiology , Liver Transplantation , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Disease Progression , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/physiopathology , Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/therapy , Middle Aged , Prevalence , RecurrenceABSTRACT
AIMS: To study the effect of ethanol on Oenococcus oeni activity at the single cell level. METHODS AND RESULTS: The active extrusion of the fluorescent probe carboxy fluorescein (cF) was used to assess the metabolic activity of ethanol-stressed O. oeni cells. Subsequent flow cytometric analysis revealed that O. oeni cells extrude the accumulated cF upon energizing with l-malic acid. However, O. oeni cells exposed to 12% (v/v) ethanol for 1 h showed a decreased capacity for active extrusion of cF. Moreover, two subpopulations could be distinguished, one of which being able to extrude cF and the other one remaining cF fluorescent. Growing cells in the presence of 8% (v/v) ethanol resulted in robust cells that maintained the capacity to actively extrude cF after being exposed to 12% (v/v) ethanol, which in turn correlated with the high levels of ATP observed in these ethanol stressed, malolactic fermentation (MLF) performing cells. CONCLUSION: From our results, it becomes evident that active extrusion of cF can be used to assess malolactic activity in O. oeni. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The present study provides information for the development of a rapid method to assess the malolactic activity of individual O. oeni cells performing MLF during wine production.
