ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: MRI-based ablation provides an attractive capability of seeing ablation-related tissue changes in real time. Here we describe a real-time MRI-based cardiac cryo-ablation system. METHODS: Studies were performed in canine model (n = 4) using MR-compatible cryo-ablation devices built for animal use: focal cryo-catheter with 8 mm tip and 28 mm diameter cryo-balloon. The main steps of MRI-guided cardiac cryo-ablation procedure (real-time navigation, confirmation of tip-tissue contact, confirmation of vessel occlusion, real-time monitoring of a freeze zone formation, and intra-procedural assessment of lesions) were validated in a 3 Tesla clinical MRI scanner. RESULTS: The MRI compatible cryo-devices were advanced to the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) and their position was confirmed by real-time MRI. Specifically, contact between catheter tip and myocardium and occlusion of superior vena cava (SVC) by the balloon was visually validated. Focal cryo-lesions were created in the RV septum. Circumferential ablation of SVC-RA junction with no gaps was achieved using the cryo-balloon. Real-time visualization of freeze zone formation was achieved in all studies when lesions were successfully created. The ablations and presence of collateral damage were confirmed by T1-weighted and late gadolinium enhancement MRI and gross pathological examination. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the feasibility of a MRI-based cryo-ablation system in performing cardiac ablation procedures. The system allows real-time catheter navigation, confirmation of catheter tip-tissue contact, validation of vessel occlusion by cryo-balloon, real-time monitoring of a freeze zone formation, and intra-procedural assessment of ablations including collateral damage.
Subject(s)
Cryosurgery/methods , Heart Atria/surgery , Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional , Vena Cava, Superior/surgery , Animals , Cardiac Catheters , Cryosurgery/instrumentation , Dogs , Equipment Design , Feasibility Studies , Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging , Heart Atria/pathology , Models, Animal , Myocardium/pathology , Predictive Value of Tests , Time Factors , Vena Cava, Superior/diagnostic imaging , Vena Cava, Superior/pathologyABSTRACT
Difficulty was encountered with the insertion of a right atrial pacing lead via the left jugular vein during lead and pacemaker implantation in a clinically normal goat as part of an ongoing rapid atrial pacing - induced atrial fibrillation research project. Fluoroscopic visualization of an abnormal lead advancement path prompted angiographic assessment which revealed a persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC) and prominent coronary sinus communicating with the right atrium. Angiography facilitated successful advancement and securing of the pacing lead into the right side of the interatrial septum. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography (MRI/MRA) allowed further characterization of this rare venous anomaly. Even though PLCVC has been reported once in a goat, to the authors' knowledge this is the first report to include MRI/MRA characterization of PLCVC and prominent coronary sinus with successful cardiac pacemaker implantation using the PLCVC.
