ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the echinococcosis surveillance results in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of echinococcosis control measures in the prefecture. Methods Villagers were randomly sampled using a multistage sampling method from class I and II echinococcosis endemic counties in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022 for detection of human echinococcosis, while all patients undergoing ultrasound examinations in medical institutions in class III endemic counties received active echinococcosis screening. In addition, livestock in centralized slaughterhouses or slaughtering sites were screened for echinococcosis using the palpation and necropsy method, and fresh domestic dog feces samples were collected from randomly selected dog owners in each administrative village for detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs. The trends in detection of human and livestock echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed human echinococcosis cases and detection of Echinococcus coproantigen in domestic dogs were analyzed in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022. Results The mean detection rate of human echinococcosis was 0.13% (540/407 803) in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022, which appeared a tendency towards a decline over years (χ2trend = 1 217.21, P < 0.001), and the highest detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was seen in Hejing County (0.28%, 191/67 865). The detection of livestock echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 147.02, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate seen in Hejing County (3.44%, 86/2 500), and the detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 302.46, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate in Qiemo County (2.74%, 118/4 313). Conclusions The detection of human and livestock echinococcosis and dog feces antigens Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs all appeared a tendency towards a decline in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022; however, there is still a high echinococcosis transmission risk in local areas. Sustainable integrated echinococcosis control is required in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture.
ABSTRACT
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonosis, caused by CCHF virus (CCHFV) and which there are no diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. The C-terminus of glycoprotein (Gc) encoded by the CCHFV M gene is responsible for CCHFV binding to cellular receptors and acts as a neutralizing-antibody target. In this study, a modified biosynthetic peptide technique (BSP) was used to identify fine epitopes of Gc from the CCHFV YL04057 strain using rabbit antiserum against CCHFV-Gc. Six B cell epitopes (BCEs) and one antigenic peptide (AP) were identified: E1 (88VEDASES94), E2 (117GDRQVEE123), E3 (241EIVTLH246), AP-4 (281DFQVYHVGNLLRGDKV296), E5a (370GDTP QLDL377), E5b (373PQLDLKAR380), and E6 (443HVRSSD448). Western blotting analysis showed that each epitope interacted with the positive serum of sheep that had been naturally infected with CCHFV, and the results were consistent with that of Dot-ELISA. The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) revealed high conservation of the identified epitopes among ten CCHFV strains from different areas, except for epitopes AP-4 and E6. Furthermore, three-dimensional structural modeling showed that all identified epitopes were located on the surface of the Gc "head" domain. These mapped epitopes of the CCHFV Gc would provide a basis for further increase our understanding CCHFV glycoprotein function and the development of a CCHFV epitope-based diagnostics vaccine and detection antigen.
Subject(s)
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics , Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/immunology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/diagnosis , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/veterinary , Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Epitope Mapping/methods , Epitopes/immunology , Glycoproteins/immunology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/immunology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/virology , Humans , Rabbits , Sequence Alignment , Sheep , Tick-Borne Diseases/diagnosis , Tick-Borne Diseases/veterinary , Tick-Borne Diseases/virology , Vaccines, Subunit/immunologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The effect of adiposity on hypertension among Uyghur Chinese is not clear. This study aimed to compare the effect of BMI and its optimal cut-off value in identifying hypertension in Uyghur and Han adults in China. METHODS: By using a multistage stratified sampling method, 3072 Uyghur and 3195 Han adults underwent questionnaire interview, physical examination, and biochemical tests. Age- and sex-standardized prevalence of hypertension was calculated. Adjusted odds ratios for adiposity associated with hypertension were estimated. ROC analyses were used for assessing the ethnic and sex specific optimal BMI cut-off values in identifying hypertension. RESULTS: Both in Uyghur and Han, increased BMI was consistent with the elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Although more Uyghur were overweight/obese, their standardized prevalence of hypertension (17.87%) was lower than that of Han (20.28%). Han adults had 1.42 times odds than Uyghur of hypertension. The adjusted ORs of overweight and obesity were 2.67 and 6.04 in Uyghur and 2.74 and 7.58 in Han. In male, the optimal cut-off values of BMI identifying hypertension in Uyghur and Han were 24.6 kg/m2 and 24.9 kg/m2 , respectively, but the correspond values in Uyghur and Han females were 27.2 kg/m2 and 25.0 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Adiposity had strong effect on hypertension, but this effect was less strong in Uyghur female than in Han female.
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Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Xinjiang. Methods: The information of reported malaria cases and epidemiological records from various sources in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2004 to 2015 was collected. The epidemiological characteristics of malaria cases were analyzed. Results: Seventy-seven malaria cases were reported in Xinjiang from 2004 to 2015, and all were imported cases. In detail, 42 cases ï¼54.5%ï¼ were reported during the time period of 2004-2009, with 24 laboratory diagnosed and 18 clinically diagnosed; 35 cases ï¼45.5%ï¼ were reported from 2010 to 2015, with 27 laboratory diagnosed and 8 clinically diagnosed. Among the 51 cases with laboratory diagnosis, 18 were falciparum malaria, 31 were vivax malaria, and 2 unidentified. The male-to-female ratio was 6.7 ⶠ1ï¼P<0.05ï¼. The age range of the patients was 14-75 years ï¼39.7 ± 13.3 yearsï¼, comprising 26.0% ï¼20/77ï¼ for the range of 31-40 years and 24.7% ï¼19/77ï¼ for the range of 41-50ï¼P>0.05 among the age groupsï¼. From the perspective of case sources, 28 cases ï¼36.4%ï¼ were imported from Africa and 49 casesï¼63.6%ï¼ from Asia (including other provinces of China). The interval from onset to final diagnosis ranged 1-320 days. Only 3 patientsï¼3.9%ï¼ were diagnosed within 24 h, and 59 patientsï¼76.6%ï¼ were not diagnosed until or over one week. In addition, 28 casesï¼36.4%ï¼ were reported by medical institutions at the provincial level, 15 casesï¼19.5%ï¼ were reported by medical institutions at the prefecture level, 5 casesï¼6.5%ï¼ were reported by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the rest 29 casesï¼37.7%ï¼ were reported at the county level or below. No secondary transmission was found. Conclusion: Most of the imported malaria cases during 2004-2015 were diagnosed with laboratory tests, reported by medical institutions, and were from Africa and Asia.
Subject(s)
Malaria, Vivax , Malaria/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Africa , Aged , China , Female , Humans , Malaria, Falciparum , Male , Middle Aged , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the endemic status of echinococcosis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, to provide scientific basis for planning and promoting control measures in this region. Methods Eight hundred people of all age ranges were examined in each of the selected agricultural area, pastoral area, pastoral-agricultural area, and township area of 92 counties in 14 prefectures in Xinjiang during March and October of 2012, resulting in a total of 3 200 people surveyed in each county. B ultrasonic abdominal scan was performed, accompanied by serum antibody detection for suspected cases. Methods: Eight hundred people of all age ranges were examined in each of the selected agricultural area, pastoral area, pastoral-agricultural area, and township area of 92 counties in 14 prefectures in Xinjiang during March and October of 2012, resulting in a total of 3 200 people surveyed in each county. B ultrasonic abdominal scan was performed, accompanied by serum antibody detection for suspected cases. Results: A total of 293 140 people were examined. The overall morbidity was 0.14%ï¼407/293 140ï¼. The morbidity in the north region was 0.18%ï¼290/158 985, 71.25%of all the casesï¼, and that in the south region was 0.09%ï¼117/134 155, 28.75% of all the casesï¼ï¼P<0.05 between the regionsï¼. The cases were mainly distributed in Urumqi Cityï¼19.90%, 81/407ï¼, Tarbagatai Prefectureï¼13.27%, 54/407ï¼, Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefectureï¼13.02%, 53/407ï¼ and Changji Hui Autonomous Prefectureï¼9.83%, 40/407ï¼. The prevalence was higher in Mongolianï¼»0.42%ï¼21/5 045ï¼ï¼½ and Kirgiz ï¼»0.35%ï¼32/9 045ï¼ï¼½ than in other ethnic groupsï¼0.07%-0.22%ï¼ï¼P<0.05ï¼. There was no significant difference in prevalence between malesï¼»0.13%ï¼195/144 715ï¼ï¼½ and femalesï¼»0.14%ï¼212/148 425ï¼ï¼½ ï¼P>0.05ï¼. The prevalence was lowest in the 0-9 year groupï¼»0.07%ï¼7/10 754ï¼ï¼½, and higher in the the age groups of 70-79ï¼»0.27%ï¼33/12 310ï¼ï¼½ and 80-99 yearsï¼»0.28%ï¼7/2 461ï¼ï¼½, showing a trend of elevation with ageing. Further, the cases were mainly in the population of 30-49 yearsï¼43%, 175/407ï¼. The prevalence was higher in the uneducatedï¼»0.25%, 39/15 470ï¼½ than in the educated populationsï¼0.06%-0.14%ï¼ï¼Pï¼0.05ï¼, and higher in pastoralistsï¼»0.29%, 63/22 074ï¼½ than in populations with other occupationsï¼0.00%-0.13%ï¼ï¼P<0.05ï¼. The prevalence in pastoral area, agricultural area, pastoral-agricultural area, and township area was 0.16%ï¼70/44 247ï¼, 0.16%ï¼181/113 016ï¼, 0.12%ï¼88/70 610ï¼ and 0.10%ï¼68/65 267ï¼, respectively. The township area had the lowest prevalence, which was significantly different from both the pastoral area and the agricultural area (P<0.05). Conclusion: Echincoccosis is widely distributed in Xinjiang, with more cases in the north.
Subject(s)
Echinococcosis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Agriculture , Animals , Asian People , Child , Child, Preschool , China , Female , Gerbillinae , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Objective: An epidemiological survey was made on human intestinal protozoa in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) to evaluate recent control achievements and provide basis for making specific control strategies. Methods: Regions in Xinjiang were categorized by types of ecological system and geographical characteristics into five ecological areasï¼types I-Vï¼ according to the National Ecological Function Stratification issued by the Ministry of Environment Protection and Chinese Academy of Science and Technology. Stratification sampling was made in each ecological area. Feces from human of all ages were collected for morphological identification of protozoan species using the Iodine Liquid Direct Smear Method. Results: In the five ecological areas, 26 886 people from 132 survey sites in 39 counties (cities) were examined, with an examination rate of 81.47% ï¼26 886/33 000ï¼. The infection rate was 0.32%ï¼85/26 886ï¼. Four species of intestinal protozoa were detected, i.e., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Blastocystis hominis, and Entamoeba coli, with an infection rate of 0.22% ï¼60/26 886ï¼, 0.03% ï¼9/26 886ï¼, 0.01% ï¼2/26 886ï¼ and 0.61% ï¼17/26 886ï¼, respectively. Of the five areas, the type IV area had the highest infection rate of 0.75%ï¼28/3 758ï¼ï¼P<0.05ï¼. Besides, the infection rate was higher in males ï¼0.24%, 33/13 623ï¼ than that in females ï¼0.39%, 52/13 263ï¼ ï¼P<0.05ï¼, higher in age ranges of 21-30ï¼1.40%, 16/3 959ï¼ and 31-40 yearsï¼0.46%, 22/4 799ï¼ than other age groups ï¼P>0.05ï¼, higher in housewives ï¼0.48%, 2/418ï¼ than those with other occupations, higher in the Hui group ï¼0.61%, 15/2 445ï¼ than that in other ethnic groups, as well as highest in populations with a primary education level ï¼0.37%, 35/9 375ï¼ and lowest in those with a college level or aboveï¼0.20%, 8/3 945ï¼. Conclusion: The human intestinal protozoa infection was at a low level in Xinjiang in 2015.
Subject(s)
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Protozoan Infections/epidemiology , Adult , Asian People , Blastocystis hominis , China/epidemiology , Ecosystem , Feces , Female , Giardia lamblia , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) outbreak in Jiashi County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in 2014, and provide basis for VL prevention and control strategies. METHODS: Data on VL epidemic situation in Xinjiang from July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2015 were collected from Chinese CDC Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System (reporting system). On-site epidemiological investigation was conducted in October, 2014, among children under 3 years in 23 villages in Gholtoghrak Township and Koxawat Township in Jiashi County, regions that had dramatically increased reports of VL cases from July 1. For suspected cases who showed symptoms such as fever and hepato-splenomegaly, blood (20 µl) was collected through fingerstick (with parental guardian consent) for rk39 immunochromatographic strip testing. Chil- dren with positive results were given sodium stibogluconate treatment (6x200 mg/kg, intravenously). RESULTS: A total of 637 VL cases were reported in Xinjiang from July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2015. Among the 192 cases reported from July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2015 in Xinjiang, cases from Jiashi County occupied 86.46% (166/192) of the cases. The number of VL cases in Jiashi County showed a trend of increase since the first report in August, with a total number of 114 in October, November and December. The 166 cases in Jiashi County had an age range of 23 days-8 years, with those under one year accounting for 95.18%(158/166). The 113 cases in Gholtoghrak Township of the County had an age range of 23 days-3 years, with those under one year accounting for 96.46% (109/113). The age--distribution of VL casess in the County accorded with the characteristic of the desert type. On-site investigation of 833 children in the 23 villiages revealed 11 children with positive results of rk39 immunochromatographic strip testing out of 14 suspected cases, all recovered after one course of sodium stibogluconate treatment. CONCLUSION: In 2014, VL outbreak occurs in Jiashi County with 95% of the cases being children under one year old. This outbreak was identified to be the desert type.
