ABSTRACT
Aluminum (Al) toxicity restricts root growth and agricultural yield in acid soils, which constitute approximately 40% of the potentially arable lands worldwide. The two main mechanisms of Al tolerance in plants are internal detoxification of Al and its exclusion from root cells. Genes encoding membrane transporters and accessory transcription factors, as well as cis-elements that enhance gene expression, are involved in Al tolerance in plants; thus studies of these genes and accessory factors should be the focus of molecular breeding efforts aimed at improving Al tolerance in crops. In this review, we describe the main genetic and molecular studies that led to the identification and cloning of genes associated with Al tolerance in plants. We include recent findings on the regulation of genes associated with Al tolerance. Understanding the genetic, molecular, and physiological aspects of Al tolerance in plants is important for generating cultivars adapted to acid soils, thereby contributing to food security worldwide.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects , Adaptation, Physiological/genetics , Aluminum/toxicity , Plants/drug effects , Plants/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Genes, Plant/geneticsABSTRACT
This study has as objective to identify the possible consequences of the Syndrome of the Pre-menstrual Tension in the woman's life. Through the questionnaire, we identified disturb related to physical and emotional discomfort and as consequences the alterations in the relationships involving son, husband/boyfriend and family, as well as in the work atmosphere.
Subject(s)
Premenstrual Syndrome/psychology , Adult , Family , Female , Humans , Surveys and QuestionnairesSubject(s)
Agriculture , Efficiency , Employment , Geography , Population Dynamics , Population Growth , Social Planning , Urban Population , Urbanization , Americas , Brazil , Demography , Developing Countries , Economics , Family Characteristics , Fertility , Health Workforce , Income , Latin America , Life Expectancy , Mortality , Population , Population Characteristics , South AmericaSubject(s)
Income , Life Expectancy , Mortality , Sanitation , Water Supply , Americas , Brazil , Conservation of Natural Resources , Demography , Developing Countries , Economics , Environment , Health , Latin America , Longevity , Population , Population Dynamics , Public Health , Socioeconomic Factors , South America , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
PIP: Three different types of metropolitan region in Brazil are first identified. These are areas of contention (Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro), areas of discipline and control (Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, and Porto Alegre), and areas of discipline and dynamism (Belem, Fortaleza, Recife, and Salvador). The population characteristics of these three metropolitan types are compared, with reference to age and sex distribution, literacy, education, economic activity, occupation, and income.^ieng