ABSTRACT
We investigated the structure of ice under nanoporous confinement in periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with different organic functionalities and pore diameters between 3.4 and 4.9 nm. X-ray scattering measurements of the system were performed at temperatures between 290 and 150 K. We report the emergence of ice I with both hexagonal and cubic characteristics in different porous materials, as well as an alteration of the lattice parameters when compared to bulk ice. This effect is dependent on the pore diameter and the surface chemistry of the respective PMO. Investigations regarding the orientation of hexagonal ice crystals relative to the pore wall using x-ray cross correlation analysis reveal one or more discrete preferred orientation in most of the samples. For a pore diameter of around 3.8 nm, stronger correlation peaks are present in more hydrophilically functionalized pores and seem to be connected to stronger shifts in the lattice parameters.
ABSTRACT
During the monitoring of red deer (N = 124) and fallow deer (N = 13) populations in four neighbouring areas, the presence of Fascioloides magna was confirmed in southwestern Hungary. The prevalence and the mean intensity of the infection within the host populations ranged between 0 and 100% and 0-36.3, respectively. The determined prevalences are similar to that observed earlier in other European natural foci. The authors hypothesise that the appearance of F. magna in this region should have been a partly natural- and partly human-influenced process.
Subject(s)
Deer/parasitology , Fasciolidae/isolation & purification , Trematode Infections/veterinary , Animals , HungaryABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: In the present study the authors conducted a cross sectional study of fourth-year (eighth-semester) students at Semmelweis University, to assess their stress-related complaints, and also some of the more common forms of risk behavior, including smoking, regular alcohol consumption, past or current drug use and the regular use of pharmaceuticals. METHODS: A total of 410 students were evaluated; 263 medical students, 96 pharmaceutical students and 78 dentistry students. An adapted version of Anderson's questionnaire was used for the evaluation of the total burden of stress based on emotional, physical and work-related complaints. Respondents who mentioned more than three signs of increased stress involving any of the above three categories (emotional, physical and work-related) were designated "high risk" subjects. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of "high risk" subjects was 30.5% (29.7% in medical, 38.5% in pharmaceutical and 23.1% in dentistry students) with no significant gender differences. 55.2% of "high risk" subjects had over three complaints in only one category, 32.6% in two categories, and 12.2% in all three categories. 43.6% of the subjects experienced work-related complaints, 33.3% of them had emotional and 23.1% had physical complaints. The overall prevalence of various forms of risk behavior was found to be 19.3% for smoking (25.2% in males and 15% in females), 30.2% for regular alcohol intake (47.1 in males and 18.3% in females), 25.4% for the regular use of some kind of medication (14.7% in males and 33.0% in females) and 24.9% for those who admitted to previous drug-use (37.6% in males and 16.3% in females). CONCLUSION: All forms of risk behavior were more common in the "high risk" group, but only smoking and the regular use of medication were increased significantly. There were no differences in risk behavior prevalence with regards to a particular category of complaints.
