ABSTRACT
An important frontier in the administration of therapeutic drugs to veterinary species is the use of different polymers as drug delivery platforms. The usefulness of polymers as platforms for the administration of pharmaceutical and agricultural agents has been clearly recognized in the recent decades. The chemical versatility of polymers and the wide range of developed controlled-release strategies enhance the possibilities for the formulation of active molecules. In particular, the veterinary area offers opportunities for the development of novel controlled-release drug delivery technologies adapted to livestock or companion animal health needs. In some cases, it also allows to improve profitability in meat production or to meet the safety criteria related to drug residues. A number of factors affect the selection of polymers and subsequent properties of the controlled-release drug delivery system. However, their selection also dictates the release kinetics of the drug from the delivery system. Such choices are therefore crucial as they affect the success and potential of the delivery system for achieving the therapeutic goals of the veterinarian. It is the intention of this review to give an overview of the most relevant polymers, which are used or have been tested as drug delivery release rate modifiers in the veterinary field. The article highlights some recent developments focusing on their advantages and applications and analyzes the future direction of the scientific and technological advancements in this area.
Subject(s)
Polymers/chemistry , Veterinary Drugs/administration & dosage , Veterinary Medicine/methods , Animals , Dosage FormsABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Omalizumab is an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody available since 2006 for the treatment of GINA step 4 asthma. We studied a 41-year old male who has been suffering from severe steroid-resistant asthma with severe co-morbidity and treated with Omalizumab. He was found to be non-responder to the treatment until the 48th week, starting from which we began to see a distinct improvement in the symptoms and all the correlated parameters, in addition to remission of the co-existent allergy to milk. CONCLUSIONS: we wish to point out the late response to Omalizumab, which occurred way beyond the times envisaged in literature. It seems possible that some patients are late responders to the drug.
Subject(s)
Anti-Asthmatic Agents/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , Asthma/drug therapy , Food Hypersensitivity/drug therapy , Time Factors , Adult , Albuterol/administration & dosage , Albuterol/analogs & derivatives , Allergens/immunology , Androstadienes/administration & dosage , Animals , Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized , Asthma/complications , Asthma/physiopathology , Bronchodilator Agents/administration & dosage , Disease-Free Survival , Drug Resistance , Drug Therapy, Combination , Fluticasone , Food Hypersensitivity/complications , Food Hypersensitivity/physiopathology , Humans , Male , Milk/immunology , Omalizumab , Salmeterol Xinafoate , SpirometryABSTRACT
Dapiprazole produces miosis by blocking the alpha 1 receptors in the radial muscle of the iris; its intraocular effect has not yet been investigated. In this preliminary experimental animal study, we investigated the intracameral use of 0.2 ml of 0.005%, 0.0075%, 0.01%, and 0.05% dapiprazole to reverse mydriasis by 10% phenylephrine plus 0.5% tropicamide. With the 0.05% dapiprazole concentration, the values (mean +/- S.E.) of pupillary diameter were as follows: prior to the experiment, 5.3 +/- 0.31 mm; after mydriatics, 8.7 +/- 0.22 mm; after intraocular dapiprazole, 5.6 mm +/- 0.29. The results showed a dose-related miotic effect of dapiprazole. No difference in the toxicity parameters (inflammatory score, corneal thickness, endothelial cell counting, aqueous humor protein concentration, and intraocular pressure) was found between dapiprazole-treated eyes and saline-solution-treated eyes. Intraocular 0.01% and 0.05% dapiprazole is an effective miotic agent that may be helpful during surgery when the reversal of sympathomimetic mydriasis is needed.
