ABSTRACT
A cohort of rhesus macaques used in neuroscience research was found at routine examinations to have chronic anemia (spun Hct less than 30%). Four anemic (Hct, 24.8% ± 3.4%) and 10 control (39.6% ± 2.9%) macaques were assessed to characterize the anemia and determine probable cause(s); some animals in both groups had cephalic implants. Diagnostic tests included CBC, bone marrow evaluations, iron panels, and serum erythropoietin and hepcidin concentrations. Serum iron and ferritin were 15.8 ± 11.1 µg/dL and 103.8 ± 53.1 ng/mL, respectively, for the anemic group compared with 109.8 ± 23.8 µL/dL and 88.5 ± 41.9 ng/mL, respectively, for the control group. Erythropoietin levels were 16.2 to over 100 mU/mL for the anemic macaques compared with 0 to 1.3 mU/mL for the control group. Hepcidin results were similar in both groups. Because the findings of low iron, high erythropoietin, and normal hepcidin in the anemic macaques supported iron-deficiency anemia or anemia of chronic disease combined with iron-deficiency anemia, a regimen of 4 doses of iron dextran was provided. In treated macaques, Hct rose to 36.3% ± 6.8%, serum iron levels increased to 94.0 ± 41.9 µg/dL, and erythropoietin levels fell to 0.15 to 0.55 mU/mL. Maintenance of normal Hct was variable between macaques and reflected individual ongoing clinical events.
Subject(s)
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/veterinary , Dietary Supplements , Hematinics/therapeutic use , Iron Compounds/therapeutic use , Macaca mulatta/blood , Monkey Diseases/drug therapy , Age Factors , Animals , Animals, Laboratory , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Cell Count/veterinary , Bone Marrow Examination/veterinary , Chronic Disease , Erythropoietin/blood , Female , Ferritins/blood , Hematocrit/veterinary , Hepcidins , Iron/blood , Male , Monkey Diseases/blood , Monkey Diseases/diagnosis , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
After developing a blood disorder, Yale Nemerson became interested in hematology. This led to his lifelong study of thrombogenic tissue factor and to his contributions to developing the modern theory of blood coagulation. The two Classic papers reprinted here detail some of Nemerson's studies on coagulation factors IX and VII.
Subject(s)
Blood Coagulation , Factor IX/metabolism , Factor VII/metabolism , Hematologic Diseases/metabolism , Hematology/history , Thromboplastin/metabolism , Animals , Factor IX/history , Factor VII/history , Hematologic Diseases/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Thromboplastin/historySubject(s)
Biochemistry/history , Phosphorylation/physiology , Animals , History, 20th Century , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Interpretation of blood smears is commonly used to provide rapid laboratory evaluation of animals in veterinary emergency practice, but the accuracy of results of blood smear interpretation by emergency room personnel (ERP) compared with evaluation by trained veterinary clinical pathology personnel is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare blood smear evaluation by ERP with that of clinical pathology personnel. METHODS: All animals that had a CBC determined by a diagnostic laboratory and had blood smears evaluated by personnel at the Foster Hospital for Small Animals Emergency Room between September 2008 and July 2009 were eligible for study inclusion. ERP who evaluated blood smears completed standardized forms with estimates of the WBC and platelet counts and evaluation of RBC and WBC morphology. Results from point-of-care assessment were compared with automated or manual results reported by the veterinary diagnostic laboratory. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-five blood smears were evaluated. There was moderate agreement (κ value, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52, 0.74) between estimated platelet counts by ERP and automated counts. Poor agreement was found between estimated WBC counts by ERP and automated counts (κ value, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.60). Specific abnormalities with a high likelihood of clinical significance, eg, toxic change, nucleated RBCs, spherocytes, hemoparasites, and lymphoblasts, were not predictably identified by ERP. CONCLUSIONS: ERP interpretation of canine and feline blood smears should be used cautiously and should not replace evaluation by a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.
