ABSTRACT
We present experimental demonstrations of accurate and unambiguous single-shot discrimination between three quantum channels using a single trapped ^{40}Ca^{+} ion. The three channels cannot be distinguished unambiguously using repeated single channel queries, the natural classical analogue. We develop techniques for using the six-dimensional D_{5/2} state space for quantum information processing, and we implement protocols to discriminate quantum channel analogues of phase shift keying and amplitude shift keying data encodings used in classical radio communication. The demonstrations achieve discrimination accuracy exceeding 99% in each case, limited entirely by known experimental imperfections.
ABSTRACT
Laser-exposed plasmonic substrates permeabilize the plasma membrane of cells when in close contact to deliver cell-impermeable cargo. While studies have determined the cargo delivery efficiency and viability of laser-exposed plasmonic substrates, morphological changes in a cell have not been quantified. We porated myoblast C2C12 cells on a plasmonic pyramid array using a 532-nm laser with 850-ps pulse length and time-lapse fluorescence imaging to quantify cellular changes. We obtain a poration efficiency of 80%, viability of 90%, and a pore radius of 20 nm. We quantified area changes in the plasma membrane attached to the substrate (10% decrease), nucleus (5 - 10% decrease), and cytoplasm (5 - 10% decrease) over 1 h after laser treatment. Cytoskeleton fibers show a change of 50% in the alignment, or coherency, of fibers, which stabilizes after 10 mins. We investigate structural and morphological changes due to the poration process to enable the safe development of this technique for therapeutic applications.
