Unveiling the phyto-restorative potential of ethereal distillates for atopic dermatitis: an advanced therapeutic approach.

Atopic dermatitis is acknowledged as a vital inflammatory disorder associated with the integumentary system of the body and is characterized by the formation of thick reddish-grey scars and erythema formation on skin, prevalent amidst the populace. Numerous synthetic drugs are available for treatment like antihistamines, immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids etc., but contrarily, essential oil therapy is exclusively lime lighted to favour the purpose. The utilization of available engineered drugs, possess the marked adverse effects owing to prolonged duration of therapy and therefore, essential oils are explored well and proved to exhibit the anti-eczematic, anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties. Ethereal distillates own the assorted and selective therapeutic properties attributable to presence of bioactive compounds liable to treat this torturous and integumentary disorder, likely lavender oil, patchouli oil, frankincense oil etc., have been found to exert their pharmacological actions by impeding the liberation and action of inflammatory mediators and immunological hyperactivities that are engaged in exacerbating this idiopathic illness. The current attempt provided the update with the aim to bring forth the naturally originated treatment that is pertinent to provide the invulnerable therapy by circumventing the noxious symptoms i.e. erythema formation and inflamed lesions.

Bioactive Compound-Loaded Nanocarriers for Hair Growth Promotion: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

Hair loss (alopecia) has a multitude of causes, and the problem is still poorly defined. For curing alopecia, therapies are available in both natural and synthetic forms; however, natural remedies are gaining popularity due to the multiple effects of complex phytoconstituents on the scalp with fewer side effects. Evidence-based hair growth promotion by some plants has been reported for both traditional and advanced treatment approaches. Nanoarchitectonics may have the ability to evolve in the field of hair- and scalp-altering products and treatments, giving new qualities to hair that can be an effective protective layer or a technique to recover lost hair. This review will provide insights into several plant and herbal formulations that have been reported for the prevention of hair loss and stimulation of new hair growth. This review also focuses on the molecular mechanisms of hair growth/loss, several isolated phytoconstituents with hair growth-promoting properties, patents, in vivo evaluation of hair growth-promoting activity, and recent nanoarchitectonic technologies that have been explored for hair growth.

Synergistic effects of auraptene and 17-ß estradiol on traumatic brain injury treatment: oxidant/antioxidant status, inflammatory cytokines and pathology.

OBJECTIVE: Despite significant advances that have been made in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI), it remains a global health issue. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of 17-ß estradiol (E2) and auraptene (AUR) on TBI treatment. METHODS: In total, 70 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into ten main groups: Sham, TBI, TBI + DMSO, TBI + AUR (4 mg/kg), TBI + AUR (8 mg/kg), TBI + AUR (25 mg/kg), TBI + E2 group, TBI + AUR (4 mg/kg) + E2 group, TBI + AUR (8 mg/kg) + E2 group and TBI + AUR (25 mg/kg) + E2 group. Diffuse TBI was caused by the Marmarou process in male rats. The brain's tissues were harvested to check the parameters of oxidative stress and levels of inflammatory cytokine. RESULTS: The finding revealed that TBI induced a significant increase in brain edema, pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidant levels [MDA and NO], and also a decrease in the brain's antioxidant biomarkers [GPx, SOD]. We also found that E2 and AUR (25 mg/kg) significantly preserved the levels of these biomarkers. The combination of AUR concentrations and E2 showed that this treatment efficiently preserved the levels of these biomarkers. Furthermore, the combination of E2 and AUR (25 mg/kg) c could cause the most effective synergistic interaction. CONCLUSION: AUR could act synergistically with E2 to treat brain injury complications.

Pathology and Treatment of Psoriasis Using Nanoformulations.

Psoriasis (PSO) is an inflammatory skin condition that causes a variety of diseases and significantly decreases the life characteristics of patients, and substantially diminishes patients' quality of life. PSO usually impairs the skin and is linked to various disorders. Inflammation pathology does not only damage psoriatic skin; it shows how PSO impinges other body parts. Many variables interact with one another and can impact the etiology of psoriasis directly or indirectly. PSO has an effect on approximately 2% of the world's population, and significant progress has been made in comprehending and treating the alternative PSO by novel drug delivery systems. Topical, systemic, biological, biomaterials, and phototherapy are some of the useful therapies for PSO. Nonetheless, topical treatments remain the gold standard for treating moderate PSO. The applicability of several nanocarrier systems, such as lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and certain phytocompounds, has been briefly explored. The present review focuses mainly on traditional therapeutic strategies as well as on breakthroughs in nanoformulations and drug delivery methods for several anti-psoriatic drugs.

Formulation Development and Investigations on Therapeutic Potential of Nanogel from Beta vulgaris L. Extract in Testosterone-Induced Alopecia.

The objective of the present study was to develop a novel nanogel containing Beta vulgaris L. hydroalcoholic extract and assess its efficacy for treating testosterone-induced alopecia. Beta vulgaris L. leaf hydroalcoholic extract nanogel (BVEN) was prepared by ionic gelation method, incorporated in carbopol 934 gel. Optimization of particle size and entrapment efficiency as the responses was carried out by central composite design response surface methodology. Prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Nanogel was evaluated for pH, colour, appearance and homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, in vitro release study, and stability studies. Further, 2.5% and 5% BVEN were also evaluated for antialopecic activity in Swiss albino mice by using parameters as hair growth initiation, testosterone content, total protein, prostate weight measurement, hair follicular density, anagen/telogen ratio, and histopathological studies. The resulting nanoparticles had better entrapment efficiency with particle size of 274 nm, polydispersity index of 0.259, and zeta potential of +28.8. BVEN pH 6.5, drug content, i.e., quercetin 99.84 ± 1.30% and stigmasterol 99.89 ± 1.52%, spreadability 20.3 ± 0.5925 g cm/sec, and viscosity 110 × 105 cps were observed. Stability studies showed that nanogel was stable at 4°C ± 2°C/60% ± 5% RH. It was found that 5% BVEN showed better antialopecic activity as compared to 2.5% BVEN.

Angiogenic footprints in diabetic retinopathy: opportunities for drug development.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the withering disorders that has been making the lives of patients miserable. Arising as a result of chronic high blood sugar levels in diabetes patients, retinopathy has become a major reason causing permanent blindness, retinal detachment, vitreous humor, rage, or glaucoma among patients. Angiogenesis being the major culprit behind the development of this condition is the growth of new blood vessels from the earlier ones existing. The abnormal growth and poor development of blood vessels also lead to aggravation of the conditions, with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) playing a major role in the process. Various anti-angiogenic therapies or anti-VEGF therapies are being explored for the treatment of this condition. 4 widely explored drugs being-Bevacizumab, pegaptanib sodium, ranibizumab, and aflibercept. The review article tries to summarize studies illustrating the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy along with some of the herbal therapeutic paradigms displaying anti-angiogenic action that is being used to treat this condition.

Supersaturation-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Strategy for Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs.

At present, the majority of APIs synthesized today remain challenging tasks for formulation development. Many technologies are being utilized or explored for enhancing solubility, such as chemical modification, novel drug delivery systems (microemulsions, nanoparticles, liposomes, etc.), salt formation, and many more. One promising avenue attaining attention presently is supersaturated drug delivery systems. When exposed to gastrointestinal fluids, drug concentration exceeds equilibrium solubility and a supersaturation state is maintained long enough to be absorbed, enhancing bioavailability. In this review, the latest developments in supersaturated drug delivery systems are addressed in depth.

Bioactive Based Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Viral Infections and SARS-CoV-2.

Since ancient times, plants have been used for their medicinal properties. They provide us with many phytomolecules, which serve a synergistic function for human well-being. Along with anti-microbial, plants also possess anti-viral activities. In Western nations, about 50% of medicines were extracted from plants or their constituents. The spread and pandemic of viral diseases are becoming a major threat to public health and a burden on the financial prosperity of communities worldwide. In recent years, SARS-CoV-2 has made a dramatic lifestyle change. This has promoted scientists not to use synthetic anti-virals, such as protease inhibitors, nucleic acid analogs, and other anti-virals, but to study less toxic anti-viral phytomolecules. An emerging approach includes searching for eco-friendly therapeutic molecules to develop phytopharmaceuticals. This article briefly discusses numerous bioactive molecules that possess anti-viral properties, their mode of action, and possible applications in treating viral diseases, with a special focus on coronavirus and various nano-formulations used as a carrier for the delivery of phytoconstituents for improved bioavailability.

WITHDRAWN: Scrutinizing the Role of Genetically Modified Herbs (GMHs) in the Treatment of Various Diseases

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Bioactive Loaded Novel Nano-Formulations for Targeted Drug Delivery and Their Therapeutic Potential.

Plant-based medicines have received a lot of attention in recent years. Such medicines have been employed to treat medical conditions since ancient times, and in those times only the observed symptoms were used to determine dose accuracy, dose efficacy, and therapy. Rather than novel formulations, the current research work on plant-based medicines has mostly concentrated on medicinal active phytoconstituents. In the past recent decades, however, researchers have made significant progress in developing "new drug delivery systems" (NDDS) to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce unwanted effects of bioactive compounds. Nanocapsules, polymer micelles, liposomes, nanogels, phytosomes, nano-emulsions, transferosomes, microspheres, ethosomes, injectable hydrogels, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and other innovative therapeutic formulations have all been created using bioactive compounds and plant extracts. The novel formulations can improve solubility, therapeutic efficacy, bioavailability, stability, tissue distribution, protection from physical and chemical damage, and prolonged and targeted administration, to name a few. The current study summarizes existing research and the development of new formulations, with a focus on herbal bioactive components.

Modern Herbal Nanogels: Formulation, Delivery Methods, and Applications.

This study examined the most recent advancements in nanogel production and drug delivery. Phytochemistry is a discipline of chemistry that studies herbal compounds. Herbal substances have aided in the development of innovative remedies for a wide range of illnesses. Several of these compounds are forbidden from being used in medications due to broad medical characteristics and pharmacokinetics. A variety of new technical approaches have been investigated to ameliorate herbal discoveries in the pharmaceutical sector. The article focuses on the historical data for herb-related nanogels that are used to treat a variety of disorders with great patient compliance, delivery rate, and efficacy. Stimulus-responsive nanogels such as temperature responsive and pH-responsive systems are also discussed. Nanogel formulations, which have been hailed as promising targets for drug delivery systems, have the ability to alter the profile of a drug, genotype, protein, peptide, oligosaccharide, or immunogenic substance, as well as its ability to cross biological barriers, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics, improving efficacy, safety, and patient cooperation.

Bioactive-Based Cosmeceuticals: An Update on Emerging Trends.

Cosmetic-containing herbals are a cosmetic that has or is claimed to have medicinal properties, with bioactive ingredients purported to have medical benefits. There are no legal requirements to prove that these products live up to their claims. The name is a combination of "cosmetics" and "pharmaceuticals". "Nutricosmetics" are related dietary supplements or food or beverage products with additives that are marketed as having medical benefits that affect appearance. Cosmetic-containing herbals are topical cosmetic-pharmaceutical hybrids intended to enhance the health and beauty of the skin. Cosmetic-containing herbals improve appearance by delivering essential nutrients to the skin. Several herbal products, such as cosmetic-containing herbals, are available. The present review highlights the use of natural products in cosmetic-containing herbals, as natural products have many curative effects as well as healing effects on skin and hair growth with minimal to no side effects. A brief description is given on such plants, their used parts, active ingredients, and the therapeutic properties associated with them. Mainly, the utilization of phytoconstituents as cosmetic-containing herbals in the care of skin and hair, such as dryness of skin, acne, eczema, inflammation of the skin, aging, hair growth, and dandruff, along with natural ingredients, such as for hair colorant, are explained in detail in the present review.

Exploring multifunctional antioxidants as potential agents for management of neurological disorders.

Free radical or oxidative stress may be a fundamental mechanism underlying several human neurologic diseases. Therapy using free radical scavengers (antioxidants) has the potential to prevent, delay, or ameliorate many neurologic disorders. However, the biochemistry of oxidative pathobiology is complex, and optimum antioxidant therapeutic options may vary and need to be tailored to individual diseases. In vitro and animal model studies support the potential beneficial role of various antioxidant compounds in neurological disease. Antioxidants generally play an important role in reducing or preventing the cell damage and other changes which occur in the cells like mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA mutations, and lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane. Based on their mechanism of action, antioxidants can be used to treat various neurological disorders like Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Vitamin E has a scavenging action for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also prevents the lipid peroxidation. Creatine generally reduces the mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Various metal chelators are used in PD for the prevention of accumulation of the metals. Superoxidase dismutase (SOD), lipases, and proteases act as repair enzymes in patients with AD. Accordingly, the antioxidant defense system is found to be most useful for treating various neurological disorders.

Therapeutic Approaches for the Management of Autoimmune Disorders via Gene Therapy: Prospects, Challenges and Opportunities.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune diseases are the diseases that result due to the overactive immune response, and comprehend systemic autoimmune diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), SjÓ§gren's Syndrome (SS), and organ-specific autoimmune diseases like type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), Myasthenia Gravis (MG), and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Currently, there is no long-term cure; but, several treatments exist which retard the evolution of the disease, embracing gene therapy, which has been scrutinized to hold immense aptitude for the management of autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE: The review highlights the pathogenic mechanisms and genes liable for the development of autoimmune diseases, namely T1DM, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), RA, SS, IBD, and MG. Furthermore, the review focuses on investigating the outcomes of delivering the corrective genes with their specific viral vectors in various animal models experiencing these diseases to determine the effectiveness of gene therapy. METHODS: Numerous review and research articles emphasizing the tremendous potential of gene therapy in the management of autoimmune diseases were procured from PubMed, MEDLINE, Frontier, and other databases and thoroughly studied for writing this review article. RESULTS: The various animal models that experienced treatment with gene therapy have displayed regulation in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, infiltration of lymphocytes, manifestations associated with autoimmune diseases, and maintained equilibrium in the immune response, thereby compete with the progression of autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSION: Gene therapy has revealed prodigious aptitude in the management of autoimmune diseases in various animal studies, but further investigation is essential to combat the limitations associated with it and before employing it on humans.

Potentiality of Nanoenzymes for Cancer Treatment and Other Diseases: Current Status and Future Challenges.

Studies from past years have observed various enzymes that are artificial, which are issued to mimic naturally occurring enzymes based on their function and structure. The nanozymes possess nanomaterials that resemble natural enzymes and are considered an innovative class. This innovative class has achieved a brilliant response from various developments and researchers owing to this unique property. In this regard, numerous nanomaterials are inspected as natural enzyme mimics for multiple types of applications, such as imaging, water treatment, therapeutics, and sensing. Nanozymes have nanomaterial properties occurring with an inheritance that provides a single substitute and multiple platforms. Nanozymes can be controlled remotely via stimuli including heat, light, magnetic field, and ultrasound. Collectively, these all can be used to increase the therapeutic as well as diagnostic efficacies. These nanozymes have major biomedical applications including cancer therapy and diagnosis, medical diagnostics, and bio sensing. We summarized and emphasized the latest progress of nanozymes, including their biomedical mechanisms and applications involving synergistic and remote control nanozymes. Finally, we cover the challenges and limitations of further improving therapeutic applications and provide a future direction for using engineered nanozymes with enhanced biomedical and diagnostic applications.

Revisiting Therapeutic Strategies for H. pylori Treatment in the Context of Antibiotic Resistance: Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies.

The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection remains significant worldwide and it depends on many factors: gender, age, socio-economic status, geographic area, diet, and lifestyle. All successful infectious diseases treatments use antibiotic-susceptibility testing, but this strategy is not currently practical for H. pylori and the usual cure rates of H. pylori are lower than other bacterial infections. Actually, there is no treatment that ensures complete eradication of this pathogen. In the context of an alarming increase in resistance to antibiotics (especially to clarithromycin and metronidazole), alternative and complementary options and strategies are taken into consideration. As the success of antibacterial therapy depends not only on the susceptibility to given drugs, but also on the specific doses, formulations, use of adjuvants, treatment duration, and reinfection rates, this review discusses the current therapies for H. pylori treatment along with their advantages and limitations. As an alternative option, this work offers an extensively referenced approach on natural medicines against H. pylori, including the significance of nanotechnology in developing new strategies for treatment of H. pylori infection.

Arbutin attenuates monosodium L-glutamate induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction in rats.

Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuro-inflammation underlie the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative brain disorders. Although L-glutamate is the prime excitatory neurotransmitter involved in diverse brain functions, however, overabundance at synapse can activate cell death mechanisms. Previous studies indicate that arbutin affords relief in metabolic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal disorders. Recently, arbutin showed benefits in animal models of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease that further expanded its therapeutic potential against brain disorders. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of arbutin against monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) neurotoxicity in rats. Wistar rats (male, 180-200 g) were administered MSG (4 mg/kg) and arbutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 21 days. Cognitive functions were assessed using elevated plus maze and novel object recognition task. Biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and intracellular cation-levels (Na+, Ca2+, K+) were determined using whole brain. Administration of MSG augmented cation-levels, oxidative stress, inflammation, AChE, and LDH activities, and decreased GABA levels in the brain. Arbutin (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased these biochemical disturbances in the brain of MSG administered rats. Behavioural results showed that MSG triggered cognitive deficits in rats that were significantly attenuated by arbutin. Histopathological findings in hippocampus and cortex revealed neuroprotective outcome of arbutin treatments against MSG. MK-801 and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) enhanced memory and neuroprotective effects in rats treated with arbutin and MSG. Arbutin may afford therapeutic advantages in neurodegenerative brain disorders by suppressing the excitotoxic pathways.

Impacting the Remedial Potential of Nano Delivery-Based Flavonoids for Breast Cancer Treatment.

Breast cancer persists as a diffuse source of cancer despite persistent detection and treatment. Flavonoids, a type of polyphenol, appear to be a productive option in the treatment of breast cancer, because of their capacity to regulate the tumor related functions of class of compounds. Plant polyphenols are flavonoids that appear to exhibit properties which are beneficial for breast cancer therapy. Numerous epidemiologic studies have been performed on the dynamic effect of plant polyphenols in the prevention of breast cancer. There are also subclasses of flavonoids that have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity. These can regulate the scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which help in cell cycle arrest and suppress the uncontrolled division of cancer cells. Numerous studies have also been performed at the population level, one of which reported a connection between cancer risk and intake of dietary flavonoids. Breast cancer appears to show intertumoral heterogeneity with estrogen receptor positive and negative cells. This review describes breast cancer, its various factors, and the function of flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, namely, how flavonoids and their subtypes are used in treatment. This review proposes that cancer risk can be reduced, and that cancer can be even cured by improving dietary intake. A large number of studies also suggested that the intake of fruit and vegetables is associated with reduced breast cancer and paper also includes the role and the use of nanodelivery of flavonoids in the healing of breast cancer. In addition, the therapeutic potential of orally administered phyto-bioactive compounds (PBCs) is narrowed because of poor stability and oral bioavailability of compounds in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and solubility also affects bioavailability. In recent years, creative nanotechnology-based approaches have been advised to enhance the activity of PBCs. Nanotechnology also offers the potential to become aware of disease at earlier stages, such as the detection of hidden or unconcealed metastasis colonies in patients diagnosed with lung, colon, prostate, ovarian, and breast cancer. However, nanoformulation-related effects and safety must not be overlooked. This review gives a brief discussion of nanoformulations and the effect of nanotechnology on herbal drugs.

Perspectives on the Combined Effects of Ocimum basilicum and Trifolium pratense Extracts in Terms of Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Effects.

Nowadays, the tendency in pharmaceutical and food industries is to replace synthetic antioxidants with the natural ones. For this reason, there is a growing interest in analyzing natural, healthy and non-toxic additives as potential antioxidants. Some plants, which contain high levels of phenolic compounds, present an increasing interest for medicine due to their ability to scavenge free radicals, along with other pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial activity, wound healing and anti-inflammatory effect, to mention only a few. The aim of this review is to explore the therapeutic potential of Ocimum basilicum and Trifolium pratense in relation with their phytochemical profile and to highlight the pharmacological activity of aqueous or ethanol extracts. Special attention was devoted to the dermal pathology and wound healing effects, in the context of multiple skin conditions such as acne, eczema boils, psoriasis and rashes. Additionally, both extracts (Trifolium sp. and Ocimum sp.) are characterized by high content of antioxidant compounds, which are responsible for the radiance and resistance of the skin and slowing down of the aging process by maintaining estrogen levels. Moreover, the potential combined effect of the mixed extract is pointed out in terms of future applications for wound healing, based on some preliminary results obtained from a "scratch tests" assay performed with respect to human dermal fibroblasts.

The ameliorating approach of nanorobotics in the novel drug delivery systems: a mechanistic review.

Nanoscale robotics have the ability that it can productively transform multiple energy sources into motion and strength which reflects an expeditiously appearing and captivating area for research of robotics. In today's plethora, biomedical nanorobotics played an intricate character with numerous units of robots working at the pathological site in a coordinated manner. The synergistic action of the several nanorobotics has been employed for the fulfilment of the task such as large-scale detoxification, delivery of the large pharmacological/therapeutic efficacious payloads, etc. that is nearly unfeasible or unalterable practically by using single nanorobot. The collective intelligence of the nanorobot is advancing progressively at the nanoscale to reinforce their precision treatment potentially. Conclusively, after obtaining certain consideration regarding the nanorobotics sciences, many professionals are compendiously involving in the emerging highly efficacious therapeutic technology that encourages the scientist or designing of the tissues specific for the site-specific nanorobotic diagnostic devices. As a result, the closed and professional type between the field of Nanotechnology and Medical Sciences will provide another new highly oriented level to the domain of nanorobotics.