ABSTRACT
Type 1-diabetes is an autoimmune disease, where a chronic inflammatory process finally causes ß-cell death and insulin deficiency. Extracts from gum resin of Boswellia serrata (BE) have been shown to posses anti-inflammatory properties especially by targeting factors/mediators related to autoimmune diseases. Multiple low dose-streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) treatment is a method to induce diabetes in animals similar to Type 1 diabetes in humans. It was aimed to study whether or not a BE could prevent hyperglycemia, inflammation of pancreatic islets and increase of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood in MLD-STZ treated mice. In BK+/+ wild type mice, 5 days of daily treatment with 40 mg/kg STZ i.p. produced permanent increase of blood glucose, infiltration of lymphocytes into pancreatic islets (CD3-stain), apoptosis of periinsular cells (staining for activated caspase 3) after 10 days as well as shrinking of islet tissue after 35 days (H&E staining). This was associated with an increase of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α) in the blood. Whereas BE alone did not affect blood glucose in non diabetic mice, in STZ treated mice simultaneous i.p. injection of 150 mg/kg of BE over 10 days prevented animals from increase of blood glucose levels. Histochemical studies showed, that i.p. injection of 150 mg/kg BE for 10 days starting with STZ treatment, avoided lymphocyte infiltration into islets, apoptosis of periinsular cells and shrinking of islet size 35 days after STZ. As far as the cytokines tested are concerned, there was a significant inhibition of the increase of G-CSF and GM-CSF. BE also significantly prevented the increase of IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α. It is concluded that extracts from the gum resin of Boswellia serrata prevent islet destruction and consequent hyperglycemia in an animal model of type 1 diabetes probably by inhibition of the production/action of cytokines related to induction of islet inflammation in an autoimmune process.
Subject(s)
Boswellia/chemistry , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/prevention & control , Islets of Langerhans/drug effects , Phytotherapy , Resins, Plant/therapeutic use , Animals , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Colony-Stimulating Factors/blood , Cytokines/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology , Islets of Langerhans/pathology , Male , Mice , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Resins, Plant/pharmacology , StreptozocinABSTRACT
Reaction of asymmetrical 1,3-disubstituted thioureas with diacetoxyiodobenzene (DIB) produces regioselectively N-acetylurea in shorter time. Regioselectivity is dependent on the pKa's of the amine attached to the thiourea moiety with acylation taking place toward the amine having a lower pKa. This is the first example of DIB being employed as an N-acetylating agent. A mechanism for this novel transformation is also proposed. Mild reaction conditions, shorter reaction times, high efficiencies, environmentally benign methods, and facile isolation of the desired product make the present methodology a most suitable alternative.
Subject(s)
Iodobenzenes/chemistry , Thiourea/chemistry , Urea/analogs & derivatives , Urea/chemical synthesis , Acylation , Molecular Structure , Stereoisomerism , Thiourea/analogs & derivativesABSTRACT
[Structure: see text] The products obtained by the reaction of benzoyl-3-phenylthioureas with bromine and enolizable ketones in the presence of triethylamine are not imidazole-2-thione derivatives as reported (Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1657-1659) rather they are thiazolidene-2-imine derivatives.
ABSTRACT
Serum lipids and lipoproteins of 50 active and passive smokers were compared with levels in 25 control subjects. Active smoking resulted in an increase in total cholesterol (Tc) and triglycerides (Tg) as compared to control group. The passive smokers also showed relatively higher levels but the effect was not significant. Active smoking raised the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc) levels whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) content was lowered, thus resulting in decreased ratios of HDLc/Tc and HDLc/LDLc. The passive smokers also showed slightly higher levels of LDLc and VLDLc but lower levels of HDLc, and a lower HDLc/LDLc ratio. Our findings suggest that smoking alters the serum lipids and lipoproteins and these changes are related to the duration and amount of smoking.
Subject(s)
Lipids/blood , Lipoproteins/blood , Smoking/blood , Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Cholesterol, VLDL/blood , Humans , Male , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
Toxicological investigations of the impact of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) and methylmercury (CH3Hg+) in terms of growth, NH4+ uptake, in vivo glutamine synthetase (transferase) activity, and regulation of toxicity by Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nostoc calcicola Bréb. have been completed. Photoautotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium was extremely sensitive to both mercury compounds, CH3Hg+ being 2.5 times more toxic than Hg2+. Although NH4+ uptake was 6 times more sensitive than in vivo GS activity against the two mercurials, both processes had a greater susceptibility toward CH3Hg+. On the basis of Km and Vmax, it is suggested that both mercury species inhibit such metabolic events noncompetitively. Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ did not change the nature of inhibition and effectively antagonized the Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ toxicities in the sequence Ca2+ greater than Mg2+ much greater than Cu2+ greater than Ni2+.
Subject(s)
Cyanobacteria/drug effects , Mercury/toxicity , Metals/pharmacology , Methylmercury Compounds/toxicity , Calcium/pharmacology , Cell Division/drug effects , Copper/pharmacology , Cyanobacteria/enzymology , Cyanobacteria/physiology , Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/antagonists & inhibitors , Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/metabolism , Inactivation, Metabolic , Kinetics , Magnesium/pharmacology , Methylmercury Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Nickel/pharmacology , Photosynthesis , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
SUMARY: The objective of this work was to know the behaviour and variability of Rhizobium leguminosarum after irradiation. The induced variation was tested under greenhouse conditions on the variety JV 3 of broad beans (Vicia faba) in six replications. Induced genetic variabilty was observed for strain, parent and mutant versus parent. Out of 24 irradiated strains, strain 93-32 performed better with a greater number of nodules and higher dry weight of nodules per plant and biological yield. Environment played an important role in the expression of characters observed. High heritability and genetic advance of these traits indicated that the nitrogen fixation ability of Rhizobium can easily be improved by selection.
ABSTRACT
Eleven patients with classical Ménière's disorder were examined electrophysiologically using extratympanic electrocochleography. All had been fully investigated audiologically and by electronystagmography. In addition to the classical triad of symptoms, 7 complained also of fullness or blockage in the ear, this symptoms being associated with fluctuation of the deafness. All patients showed the characteristic enhancement of the SP component of the AP/SP waveform. Following glycerol the SP component was reduced in amplitude, producing a decrease in the width of the waveform. Maximum reduction occurred approximately 60 min after administration of glycerol.
Subject(s)
Glycerol , Meniere Disease/diagnosis , Cochlear Microphonic Potentials , Female , Humans , Male , Meniere Disease/physiopathology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Normal and clinical cases were investigated with simultaneous recording of extra tympanic electrocochleography and brainstem evoked responses. In group 3 cases where a non-recruiting hearing loss greater than or equal to 40 db. at 2 KHz and/or 4 KHz is present, brainstem recordings alone are not adequate for differential diagnosis of deafness due to the frequent inability to identify wave I. Therefore, electrocochleography is essential in these cases for determining the N1-V interpeak latency. Ideally cases as characterized in group 3 should be investigated by simultaneous recording of the brainstem evoked response and electrocochleography, preferably by a non-invasive technique. The test procedure is acceptable as a routine clinical investigation and avoids delay in diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Brain Stem/physiopathology , Cochlea/physiopathology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory , Hearing Disorders/diagnosis , Action Potentials , Adult , Aged , Audiometry, Evoked Response , Auditory Pathways/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedSubject(s)
Anesthesia, Inhalation , Ear, Middle/drug effects , Nitrous Oxide/pharmacology , Child , Child, Preschool , Compliance , Hearing/drug effects , Humans , Pressure , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Genetic analysis for germination percentage was carried out in the F3 and F4 generations of a diallel cross involving six promising genotypes of soybean. Results indicated a high amount of genetic variability and a moderately high heritability together with genetic advance, suggesting a possible improvement for this character through hybridization and selection. Correlations at different levels revealed a strong negative association of germination with only one seed character: seed weight. This observation was further confirmed from path coefficient analysis. These findings strongly suggest that to base selection on seed weight which may not influence the seed quality of soybean.
