Discovering hidden patterns: Association rules for cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: It is increasingly common to find patients affected by a combination of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD), and studies are able to correlate their relationships with available biological and clinical evidence. The aim of the current study was to apply association rule mining (ARM) to discover whether there are consistent patterns of clinical features relevant to these diseases. ARM leverages clinical and laboratory data to the meaningful patterns for diabetic CAD by harnessing the power help of data-driven algorithms to optimise the decision-making in patient care. AIM: To reinforce the evidence of the T2DM-CAD interplay and demonstrate the ability of ARM to provide new insights into multivariate pattern discovery. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry in a specialized tertiary care centre in Delhi, involving a total of 300 consented subjects categorized into three groups: CAD with diabetes, CAD without diabetes, and healthy controls, with 100 subjects in each group. The participants were enrolled from the Cardiology IPD & OPD for the sample collection. The study employed ARM technique to extract the meaningful patterns and relationships from the clinical data with its original value. RESULTS: The clinical dataset comprised 35 attributes from enrolled subjects. The analysis produced rules with a maximum branching factor of 4 and a rule length of 5, necessitating a 1% probability increase for enhancement. Prominent patterns emerged, highlighting strong links between health indicators and diabetes likelihood, particularly elevated HbA1C and random blood sugar levels. The ARM technique identified individuals with a random blood sugar level > 175 and HbA1C > 6.6 are likely in the "CAD-with-diabetes" group, offering valuable insights into health indicators and influencing factors on disease outcomes. CONCLUSION: The application of this method holds promise for healthcare practitioners to offer valuable insights for enhancing patient treatment targeting specific subtypes of CAD with diabetes. Implying artificial intelligence techniques with medical data, we have shown the potential for personalized healthcare and the development of user-friendly applications aimed at improving cardiovascular health outcomes for this high-risk population to optimise the decision-making in patient care.

In vitro and in vivo assessment of curcumin-quercetin loaded multi-layered 3D-nanofibroporous matrix prepared by solution blow-spinning for full-thickness burn wound healing.

Burn wounds (BWs) cause impairment of native skin tissue and may cause significant microbial infections that demand immediate care. Curcumin (Cur) and quercetin (Que) exhibit antimicrobial, hemocompatibility, ROS-scavenging, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its instability, water insolubility, and low biological fluid absorption render it challenging to sustain local Cur and Que doses at the wound site. Therefore, to combat these limitations, we employed blow-spinning and freeze-drying to develop a multi-layered, Cur/Que-loaded gelatin/chitosan/PCL (GCP-Q/C) nanofibroporous (NFP) matrix. Morphological analysis of the NFP-matrix using SEM revealed a well-formed multi-layered structure. The FTIR and XRD plots demonstrated dual-bioactive incorporation and scaffold polymer interaction. Additionally, the GCP-Q/C matrix displayed high porosity (82.7 ± 2.07 %), adequate pore size (∼121 µm), enhanced water-uptake ability (∼675 % within 24 h), and satisfactory biodegradation. The scaffolds with bioactives had a long-term release, increased antioxidant activity, and were more effective against gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria than the unloaded scaffolds. The in vitro findings of GCP-Q/C scaffolds showed promoted L929 cell growth and hemocompatibility. Additionally, an in vivo full-thickness BW investigation found that an implanted GCP-Q/C matrix stimulates rapid recuperation and tissue regeneration. In accordance with the findings, the Gel/Ch/PCL-Que/Cur NFP-matrix could represent an effective wound-healing dressing for BWs.

Biosensors integrated 3D organoid/organ-on-a-chip system: A real-time biomechanical, biophysical, and biochemical monitoring and characterization.

As a full-fidelity simulation of human cells, tissues, organs, and even systems at the microscopic scale, Organ-on-a-Chip (OOC) has significant ethical advantages and development potential compared to animal experiments. The need for the design of new drug high-throughput screening platforms and the mechanistic study of human tissues/organs under pathological conditions, the evolving advances in 3D cell biology and engineering, etc., have promoted the updating of technologies in this field, such as the iteration of chip materials and 3D printing, which in turn facilitate the connection of complex multi-organs-on-chips for simulation and the further development of technology-composite new drug high-throughput screening platforms. As the most critical part of organ-on-a-chip design and practical application, verifying the success of organ model modeling, i.e., evaluating various biochemical and physical parameters in OOC devices, is crucial. Therefore, this paper provides a logical and comprehensive review and discussion of the advances in organ-on-a-chip detection and evaluation technologies from a broad perspective, covering the directions of tissue engineering scaffolds, microenvironment, single/multi-organ function, and stimulus-based evaluation, and provides a more comprehensive review of the progress in the significant organ-on-a-chip research areas in the physiological state.

An image forensic technique based on JPEG ghosts.

The unprecedented growth in the easy availability of photo-editing tools has endangered the power of digital images. An image was supposed to be worth more than a thousand words, but now this can be said only if it can be authenticated or the integrity of the image can be proved to be intact. In this paper, we propose a digital image forensic technique for JPEG images. It can detect any forgery in the image if the forged portion called a ghost image is having a compression quality different from that of the cover image. It is based on resaving the JPEG image at different JPEG qualities, and the detection of the forged portion is maximum when it is saved at the same JPEG quality as the cover image. Also, we can precisely predict the JPEG quality of the cover image by analyzing the similarity using Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) or the energy of the images. The first maxima in SSIM or the first minima in energy correspond to the cover image JPEG quality. We created a dataset for varying JPEG compression qualities of the ghost and the cover images and validated the scalability of the experimental results. We also, experimented with varied attack scenarios, e.g. high-quality ghost image embedded in low quality of cover image, low-quality ghost image embedded in high-quality of cover image, and ghost image and cover image both at the same quality. The proposed method is able to localize the tampered portions accurately even for forgeries as small as 10 × 10 sized pixel blocks. Our technique is also robust against other attack scenarios like copy-move forgery, inserting text into image, rescaling (zoom-out/zoom-in) ghost image and then pasting on cover image.

Design strategies for composite matrix and multifunctional polymeric scaffolds with enhanced bioactivity for bone tissue engineering.

Over the past few decades, various bioactive material-based scaffolds were investigated and researchers across the globe are actively involved in establishing a potential state-of-the-art for bone tissue engineering applications, wherein several disciplines like clinical medicine, materials science, and biotechnology are involved. The present review article's main aim is to focus on repairing and restoring bone tissue defects by enhancing the bioactivity of fabricated bone tissue scaffolds and providing a suitable microenvironment for the bone cells to fasten the healing process. It deals with the various surface modification strategies and smart composite materials development that are involved in the treatment of bone tissue defects. Orthopaedic researchers and clinicians constantly focus on developing strategies that can naturally imitate not only the bone tissue architecture but also its functional properties to modulate cellular behaviour to facilitate bridging, callus formation and osteogenesis at critical bone defects. This review summarizes the currently available polymeric composite matrices and the methods to improve their bioactivity for bone tissue regeneration effectively.

Target association rule mining to explore novel paediatric illness patterns in emergency settings.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To assess the hospitalized sick children admitted to the pediatric emergency department (ED) and to find new patterns of clinical and laboratory attributes using association rule mining (ARM). METHODS: In this observational study, 158 children with median (IQR) age 11 months and a PRISM III score of 5 (2-9) were enrolled. Hotspot data mining method was applied to assess clinical attributes, lab investigations and pre-defined outcome parameters of children and their association in sick hospitalized children aged 1 month to 12 years. RESULTS: We obtained 30 rules with value for outcome as discharge is given attributes as follows: duration of hospitalization > 4 days, lactate > 1.2 mmol/L, platelet = 3.67/µL, dur_ventil = 0 h, serum K = 5.2 mmol/L, SBP = 120 mmHg, pCO2 = 41.9 mmHg, PaO2 = 163 mmHg, age = 92 months, heart rate > 114-159 per minute, temperature > 98 °F, GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) > 7-14, gas K = 4.14 mmol/L, gas Na = 138.1 mmol/L, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) = 18.69 mg/dL, Diagnosis > 1-718, Creatinine = 1.2 mg/dL, serum Na = 148 mmol/L, shock = 2, Glucose = 144 mg/dL, Mg(i) > 0.23 meq/L, BUN > 6.54 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: ARM is an effective data analysis technique to find meaningful patterns using clinical features with actual numbers in pediatric critical illness. It can prove to be important while analysing the association of clinical attributes with disease pattern, its features, and therapeutic or intervention success patterns.

Novel strategies for designing regenerative skin products for accelerated wound healing.

Healthy skin protects from pathogens, water loss, ultraviolet rays, and also maintains homeostasis conditions along with sensory perceptions in normal circumstances. Skin wound healing mechanism is a multi-phased biodynamic process that ultimately triggers intercellular and intracellular mechanisms. Failure to implement the normal and effective healing process may result in chronic injuries and aberrant scarring. Chronic wounds lead to substantial rising healthcare expenditure, and innovative methods to diagnose and control severe consequences are urgently needed. Skin tissue engineering (STE) has achieved several therapeutic accomplishments during the last few decades, demonstrating tremendous development. The engineered skin substitutes provide instant coverage for extensive wounds and facilitate the prevention of microbial infections and fluid loss; furthermore, they help in fighting inflammation and allow rapid neo-tissue formation. The current review primarily focused on the wound recovery and restoration process and the current conditions of STE with various advancements and complexities associated with different strategies such as cell sources, biopolymers, innovative fabrication techniques, and growth factors delivery systems.

Generation of graphene oxide and nano-bioglass based scaffold for bone tissue regeneration.

Graphene oxide (GO) offers a distinct opportunity in the field of biomedical engineering owing to its exceptionally high mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity, high optical transparency, and favorable biocompatibility. In this article, nanocomposite biocompatible GO-based scaffolds (chitosan/gelatin/nanobioglass/GO) Ch-G-NBG-GO were successfully fabricated through freeze drying technique (-40 °C) and evaluated for various physico-chemical and biological properties. The prepared Ch-G-NBG-GO composites have been investigated for their structural, physiochemical, and surface morphology via x-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy and, differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) respectively. The morphological analysis showed the porous interconnected network of scaffold formed. Average pore size for the Ch-G-NBG-GO scaffolds were in between 90 and 120 µm, which was very close to the control scaffolds. XRD data revealed the successful incorporation of NBG and GO and distribution across the scaffolds. Porosity of the fabricated scaffolds were in the range between 75.3% and 77.3% which was very close to the control scaffold with 79% porosity. The studies also reveal that after GO incorporation, the weight loss reduced (0.11 ± 0.02-0.095 ± 0.03), scaffolds were firmly stable at room temperature even after a long duration of 28 d. The crystallinity added to the scaffolds due to addition of GO nanoparticles improved the mechanical strength of these scaffolds. The compressive modulus changed from (5.7 to 8.51) MPa after GO addition. Swelling ratio changed drastically especially in case of Ch-NBG-90%GO (4.9 ± 0.04-4 ± 0.01). DSC and TGA data revealed the thermal stability of GO incorporated scaffolds due to the proper interaction between GO/NBG with chitosan-gelatin blend. The scaffold's potential for bone tissue engineering was evaluated by testing its cytocompatibility for MG-63 cell line. It revealed suitable cell attachment and proliferation of cells compared to the Ch-G-NBG scaffold. MTT assay showed that Ch-G-NBG-GO scaffold below 90% GO concentration possess best biocompatibility. But in case of Ch-G-NBG-90%GO scaffold, the cell proliferation was reduced when compared to control scaffolds. Alkaline phosphatase activity suggested improved osteogenic differentiation of MG-63 cells over GO based scaffolds and this was due to the osteogenic potential of NBG and GO present in the scaffolds. Based on these results, the nano-biocomposite scaffold appears to have the potential for utilization in bone tissue restoration, replacement and regeneration.

Flavonoids as Promising Neuroprotectants and Their Therapeutic Potential against Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the serious and progressive neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly worldwide. Various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors are associated with its pathogenesis that affect neuronal cells to degenerate over the period of time. AD is characterized by cognitive dysfunctions, behavioural disability, and psychological impairments due to the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aß) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Several research reports have shown that flavonoids are the polyphenolic compounds that significantly improve cognitive functions and inhibit or delay the amyloid beta aggregation or NFT formation in AD. Current research has uncovered that dietary use of flavonoid-rich food sources essentially increases intellectual abilities and postpones or hinders the senescence cycle and related neurodegenerative problems including AD. During AD pathogenesis, multiple signalling pathways are involved and to target a single pathway may relieve the symptoms but not provides the permanent cure. Flavonoids communicate with different signalling pathways and adjust their activities, accordingly prompting valuable neuroprotective impacts. Flavonoids likewise hamper the movement of obsessive indications of neurodegenerative disorders by hindering neuronal apoptosis incited by neurotoxic substances. In this short review, we briefly discussed about the classification of flavonoids and their neuroprotective properties that could be used as a potential source for the treatment of AD. In this review, we also highlight the structural features of flavonoids, their beneficial roles in human health, and significance in plants as well as their microbial production.

Optimization and evaluation of ciprofloxacin-loaded collagen/chitosan scaffolds for skin tissue engineering.

A novel ciprofloxacin-loaded collagen-chitosan scaffold was developed for the treatment of wound using freeze drying method. The average pore size and porosity of developed scaffold was found to be around 125 µm and 91 ± 0.56%. Moreover, swelling, degradation and mechanical tests profile supported the suitability of scaffold for wound healing process. The scaffold has high degree of hemocompatibility towards the blood and promotes the growth, migration and proliferation of fibroblast. The developed scaffold exhibits antibacterial properties and was found to be efficient against the Gram-negative (E.coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria hence can be used for wound healing applications. In vivo study demonstrated that the scaffold not only escalated the tissue regeneration time but also accelerated the wound healing process compared to control. The histological studies revealed better granulation, vascularization, and remodeling of extracellular matrix along with regeneration of epidermal and dermal layer of skin. Overall, the obtained results suggested that the developed skin tissue constructs possess the enormous potential for tissue regeneration and might be a suitable biomaterial for skin tissue engineering applications.

Ursolic acid attenuates oxidative stress in nigrostriatal tissue and improves neurobehavioral activity in MPTP-induced Parkinsonian mouse model.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a slow and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of brain. Oxidative stress and inflammation plays important role in the neurodegeneration and development of PD. Ursolic Acid (UA: 3ß-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid found in various medicinal plants. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity is a well-established fact. In this paper, the neuroprotective efficiency of UA in MPTP induced PD mouse model has been explored. For this purpose, we divided 30 mice into 5 different groups; first was control, second was MPTP-treated, third, fourth and fifth were different doses of UA viz., 5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg body weight (wt) respectively, along with MPTP. After 21 days of treatment, different behavioral parameters and biochemical assays were conducted. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining of SN dopaminergic neurons as well as HPLC quantification of dopamine and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanilic acid (HVA) were also performed. Our results proved that, UA improves behavioral deficits, restored altered dopamine level and protect dopaminergic neurons in the MPTP intoxicated mouse. Among three different doses, 25 mg/kg body wt was the most effective dose for the PD. This work reveals the potential of UA as a promising drug candidate for PD treatment.