Gallstone Disease and Its Correlation With Thyroid Disorders: A Narrative Review.

Over the years, several studies have revealed an important link between thyroid disorders and gallstone disease. According to these studies, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with cholesterol gallstone disease. This association between thyroid hormone disorders and cholesterol gallstone disease is due to the importance of thyroid hormones on cholesterol synthesis, bile functioning and content, and gallbladder motility. Several genes and receptors have been found on the thyroid gland, liver, and gallbladder to verify this association. These genes affect thyroid hormone secretion, lipid metabolism, and bile secretion. Defects in these various gene expression and protein functions lead to bile duct diseases. Other causes that lead to cholesterol gallstone disease are supersaturation of the bile with cholesterol and impaired gallbladder motility, which leads to bile stasis. This article has discussed these factors in detail while highlighting the association between thyroid hormones and cholesterol gallstone disease.

Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika: The Causes and Threats of Emerging and Re-emerging Arboviral Diseases.

The recent emergence and re-emergence of viral infections transmitted by vectors, Zika, chikungunya, dengue, and others, is a cause for international concern. Here, we provide a summary of the current understanding of the transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, global burden, and the likelihood of future epidemics by these viruses. Arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes are challenging to diagnose and can have surprising clinical complications. Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are the most important diseases caused by arboviruses worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. These are transmitted to humans by day-biting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. In India, the increase in the incidence of dengue and chikungunya cases is primarily linked to the dissemination of Aedes aegypti. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is paramount for effectively controlling dengue outbreaks. As there is no vaccination or specific treatment available for these viruses, vector control is the only comprehensive solution available.