Immunolabelling perturbs the endogenous and antibody-conjugated elemental concentrations during immuno-mass spectrometry imaging.

Immuno-mass spectrometry imaging uses lanthanide-conjugated antibodies to spatially quantify biomolecules via laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The multi-element capabilities allow for highly multiplexed analyses that may include both conjugated antibodies and endogenous metals to reveal relationships between disease and chemical composition. Sample handling is known to perturb the composition of the endogenous elements, but there has been little investigation into the effects of immunolabelling and coverslipping. Here, we used cryofixed muscle sections to examine the impact of immunolabelling steps on the concentrations of a Gd-conjugated anti-dystrophin primary antibody, and the endogenous metals Cu and Zn. Primary antibody incubation resulted in a decrease in Zn, and an increase in Cu. Zn was removed from the cytoplasm where it was hypothesised to be more labile, whereas concentrated locations of Zn remained in the cell membrane in all samples that underwent the immunostaining process. Cu increased in concentration and was found mostly in the cell membrane. The concentration of the Gd-conjugated antibody when compared to the standard air-dried sample was not significantly different when coverslipped using an organic mounting medium, whereas use of an aqueous mounting medium significantly reduced the concentration of Gd. These results build on the knowledge of how certain sample handling techniques change elemental concentrations and distributions in tissue sections. Immunolabelling steps impact the concentration of endogenous elements, and separate histological sections are required for the quantitative analysis of endogenous elements and biomolecules. Additionally, coverslipping tissue sections for complementary immunohistochemical/immunofluorescent imaging may compromise the integrity of the elemental label, and organic mounting media are recommended over aqueous mounting media.

Assessing the reproducibility of labelled antibody binding in quantitative multiplexed immuno-mass spectrometry imaging.

Immuno-mass spectrometry imaging (iMSI) uses laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to determine the spatial expression of biomolecules in tissue sections following immunolabelling with antibodies conjugated to a metal reporter. As with all immunolabelling techniques, the binding efficiency of multiplexed staining can be affected by a number of factors including epitope blocking and other forms of steric hindrance. To date, the effects on the binding of metal-conjugated antibodies to their epitopes in a multiplexed analysis have yet to be quantitatively explored by iMSI. Here we describe a protocol to investigate the effects of multiplexing on reproducible binding using the muscle proteins, dystrophin, sarcospan, and myosin as a model, with antibodies conjugated with Maxpar® reagents before histological application to murine quadriceps sections using standard immunolabelling protocols and imaging with LA-ICP-MS. The antibodies were each individually applied to eight sections, and multiplexed to another eight sections. The average concentrations of the lanthanide analytes were determined, before statistical analyses found there was no significant difference between the individual and multiplexed application of the antibodies. These analyses provide a framework for ensuring reproducibility of antibody binding during multiplexed iMSI, which will allow quantitative exploration of protein-protein interactions and provide a greater understanding of fundamental biological processes during healthy and diseased states.

Dietary zinc and the control of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.

Human zinc deficiency increases susceptibility to bacterial infection. Although zinc supplementation therapies can reduce the impact of disease, the molecular basis for protection remains unclear. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of bacterial pneumonia, which is prevalent in regions of zinc deficiency. We report that dietary zinc levels dictate the outcome of S. pneumoniae infection in a murine model. Dietary zinc restriction impacts murine tissue zinc levels with distribution post-infection altered, and S. pneumoniae virulence and infection enhanced. Although the activation and infiltration of murine phagocytic cells was not affected by zinc restriction, their efficacy of bacterial control was compromised. S. pneumoniae was shown to be highly sensitive to zinc intoxication, with this process impaired in zinc restricted mice and isolated phagocytic cells. Collectively, these data show how dietary zinc deficiency increases sensitivity to S. pneumoniae infection while revealing a role for zinc as a component of host antimicrobial defences.