ABSTRACT
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) contributes to a large proportion of liver disease burden in the world. Several groups have studied the prevalence of NAFLD in the Indian population. Aim: A systematic review of the published literature and meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the prevalence of NAFLD in the Indian population. Methods: English language literature published until April 2021 was searched from electronic databases. Original data published in any form which had reported NAFLD prevalence in the Indian population were included. The subgroup analysis of prevalence was done based on the age (adults or children) and risk category, i.e., average-risk group (community population, participants of control arm, unselected participants, hypothyroidic individuals, athletes, aviation crew, and army personnel) and high-risk group (obesity or overweight, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, etc.). The prevalence estimates were pooled using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2. Results: Sixty-two datasets (children 8 and adults 54) from 50 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of NAFLD was estimated from 2903 children and 23,581 adult participants. Among adults, the estimated pooled prevalence was 38.6% (95% CI 32-45.5). The NAFLD prevalence in average-risk and high-risk subgroups was estimated to be 28.1% (95% CI 20.8-36) and 52.8% (95% CI 46.5-59.1), respectively. The estimated NAFLD prevalence was higher in hospital-based data (40.8% [95% CI 32.6-49.3%]) than community-based data (28.2% [95% CI 16.9-41%]). Among children, the estimated pooled prevalence was 35.4% (95% CI 18.2-54.7). The prevalence among non-obese and obese children was 12.4 (95% CI 4.4-23.5) and 63.4 (95% CI 59.4-67.3), respectively. Conclusion: Available data suggest that approximately one in three adults or children have NAFLD in India.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, the female Clarias batrachus, held under long photoperiod (13L:11D), were exposed to high water temperature either constantly (24 h) and/or in form of thermopulse of 6 h and 12 h durations, separately, at different times of the day/night cycle for six weeks during the early post-spawning and late post-spawning phases of its reproductive cycle. The effects of high water temperature (30 +/- 1 degrees C) on gonadosomatic index (GSI), plasma levels of testosterone (T) and oestradiol-17beta (E2) were observed. During the late post-spawning phase, thermopulse of 12 h duration given in the morning hour increased all the studied parameters most effectively as compared to that given at evening hour of the day/night cycle or even in comparison to the fish exposed to constant high temperature. Thermopulse of 6 h duration given in the morning or noon also raised these parameters compared to the controls, but the magnitudes of stimulation were moderate. However, exposures of the catfish to such photothermal regimes during the early post-spawning phase completely failed to bring any change in the studied parameters. These findings, thus, clearly indicate that treatment with high temperature under long photoperiod may stimulate gonadal activity in C. batrachus, provided given at appropriate season of the year. A diurnal basis of response to high temperature and the existence of a rigid gonado-refractory phase (perhaps just after the spawning) are also evident in the reproductive cycle of C. batrachus.
