Impact of extended infusional mesna prophylaxis on the incidence of BK viruria and hemorrhagic cystitis following post-transplantation cyclophosphamide and CTLA4Ig-based haploidentical transplantation.

Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) has been reported with increased frequency following post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy)-based haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) along with a strong association with BK viruria. We prospectively evaluated the incidence of BK viruria and HC in 115 patients (median age 20 years, 2-65) undergoing PTCy-based haploidentical HCT with (n = 71) or without (n = 44) CTLA4Ig. HC prophylaxis consisted of a continuous infusion of mesna 30 min prior and 48 h post-PTCy. The overall incidence of BK viruria was 65.7%. None with BK viruria < 104 copies/ml developed clinical symptoms (n = 65). The incidence of BK viruria ≥ 104 copies/ml was 7.1% (n = 8) and 75% developed HC. The incidence of HC was 5.4% at a median of 30 days. Both BK viruria ≥ 104 copies/ml and HC were strongly associated with acute GVHD (p < 0.001). A higher NRM was observed in those with BK viruria ≥ 104 copies/ml, related to GVHD and its complications (41.7% vs 12.6%, p = 0.04). The incidences of acute GVHD, vis-à-vis, overall BK viruria, BK viruria ≥ 104 copies/ml, and HC, tended to be lower in patients receiving CTLA4Ig. Thus, extended infusional mesna, coupled with significant reduction in alloreactivity along with possible preservation of antiviral immunity associated with the use of CTLA4Ig, was probably responsible for a much lower incidence of BK viruria and resultant HC than reported previously following PTCy-based haploidentical HCT.

Synchronous retroperitoneal Castleman's disease with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Castleman's disease is a rare non-clonal lymphoproliferative disorder and known to be associated with a number of disorders such as polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein and skin changes syndrome, Kaposi sarcoma, paraneoplastic pemphigus and plasma cell dyscrasias. The association of Castleman's disease with epithelial malignancy is not clear and limited to few case reports. We describe a case of synchronous Castleman's disease with renal cell carcinoma in a 53-year-old woman. She presented with right abdominal lump with feeling of heaviness. She also presented with vague discomfort in left hypochondrium for 15 years. The CT imaging of abdomen revealed two masses-one in right kidney and another in left anterior pararenal space of retroperitoneum. The patient underwent right radical nephrectomy with excision of left retroperitoneal mass. Histological examination revealed clear cell renal cell carcinoma and Castleman's disease, respectively. Role of interleukin-6 has been postulated as an important factor in association of Castleman's disease and epithelial malignancy.

Surgical illustration of en-bloc (dual) kidney transplant from a 16-month old brain-dead donor to an adult recipient.

Transplantable organs from pediatric donors have been contributing significantly to donor pool worldwide. Pediatric donors are excellent resources that should be procured whenever available, and with the recent increase in deceased donations in India, more pediatric donors will be available for organ harvesting. We share a rare instance of multi-organ harvesting from a 16-month old brain dead donor and implanting both kidneys en-bloc in an adult male, while liver went to a 4-year old child. The report provides the surgical illustration of salient steps of transplanting both kidneys from pediatric donor into an adult, in an en-bloc manner.

Newer concepts in neural anatomy and neurovascular preservation in robotic radical prostatectomy.

With more than 60% of radical prostatectomies being performed robotically, robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) has largely replaced the open and laparoscopic approaches and has become the standard of care surgical treatment option for localized prostate cancer in the United States. Accomplishing negative surgical margins while preserving functional outcomes of sexual function and continence play a significant role in determining the success of surgical intervention, particularly since the advent of nerve-sparing (NS) robotic prostatectomy. Recent evidence suggests that NS surgery improves continence in addition to sexual function. In this review, we describe the neuroanatomical concepts and recent developments in the NS technique of RALP with a view to improving the "trifecta" outcomes.

Multiphoton gradient index endoscopy for evaluation of diseased human prostatic tissue ex vivo.

Multiphoton microscopy can instantly visualize cellular details in unstained tissues. Multiphoton probes with clinical potential have been developed. This study evaluates the suitability of multiphoton gradient index (GRIN) endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for prostatic tissue. A portable and compact multiphoton endoscope based on a 1-mm diameter, 8-cm length GRIN lens system probe was used. Fresh ex vivo samples were obtained from 14 radical prostatectomy patients and benign and malignant areas were imaged and correlated with subsequent H&E sections. Multiphoton GRIN endoscopy images of unfixed and unprocessed prostate tissue at a subcellular resolution are presented. We note several differences and identifying features of benign versus low-grade versus high-grade tumors and are able to identify periprostatic tissues such as adipocytes, periprostatic nerves, and blood vessels. Multiphoton GRIN endoscopy can be used to identify both benign and malignant lesions in ex vivo human prostate tissue and may be a valuable diagnostic tool for real-time visualization of suspicious areas of the prostate.

Perioperative, pathologic, and early continence outcomes comparing three-dimensional and two-dimensional display systems for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy--a retrospective, single-surgeon study.

PURPOSE: To examine perioperative, pathologic, and early continence outcomes of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RP) aided by a new-generation three-dimensional (3D) display system and compare them with those from the same operation aided by a conventional, two-dimensional (2D) display system. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 95 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic RP for clinically localized prostate cancer (PC) by an experienced single surgeon from October 2009 to December 2012. Baseline characteristics, perioperative and pathologic variables, and continence data at 3 months after surgery were retrospectively reviewed from a prospectively maintained database. Categoric and continuous variables were compared using chi-square, Student t, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, as appropriate. RESULTS: A total of 29 patients underwent laparoscopic RP using a 3D display system and 66 patients underwent laparoscopic RP using a 2D display system. The two groups were comparable for all clinical and pathologic variables. Mean total operative time for the 3D group was 131 minutes (standard deviation [SD]±18) compared with 190 (SD±31) for the 2D group (P<0.001). Mean time to perform the urethrovesical anastomosis was 28 minutes (SD±6) for the 3D group compared with 87 minutes (SD±17) for the 2D group (P<0.001). Blood loss was lower in the 3D group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). A statistically significant higher number of patients in the 3D group had early recovery of continence compared with patients in the 2D group (14/28 (50%) patients in the 3D group vs 16/64 (25%) patients in the 2D group, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic RP aided by a new-generation 3D display system is associated with shorter operative times, reduced blood loss, and higher early continence rates in comparison with that aided by a 2D display system. In particular when considering economic issues, 3D laparoscopic RP may represent an acceptable alternative to robot-assisted laparoscopic RP.

Primary small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder--mini-review of the literature.

Primary small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is a rare but aggressive disease with poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. It accounts for less than 1 % of all the primary cancers seen in the urinary bladder. Diagnosis and management of this entity poses a challenge to the clinician due to the lack of a standardized protocol for its treatment. Herein we discuss primary small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in its entirety.

Comparison of long-term outcome and quality of life after laparoscopic repair of incisional and ventral hernias with suture fixation with and without tacks: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Technique of mesh fixation in laparoscopic incisional hernia repair is a matter of debate. Literature is lacking in randomized trials comparing various methods of mesh fixation. This study was designed to compare the cost-effectiveness and long-term outcomes following the two methods of mesh fixation. METHODS: A total of 110 patients were randomized to tacker mesh fixation or suture mesh fixation. Patients with nonrecurrent hernias with defect size ranging from 2 to 5 cm were included. The cost and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated. SF-36v2 health survey was used for quality-of-life analysis. Patients were followed up at regular intervals, and return to activity and satisfaction scores were recorded. RESULTS: Demographic profile and hernia characteristics were comparable between the two groups. Operation time was significantly higher (p < 0) and early postoperative pain at 1 h, 6 h, and 1 month was significantly lower in the suture group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of chronic pain and seroma formation over a mean follow-up of 32.2 months. Cost of procedure was significantly higher in group I (p < 0.001). Suture fixation was found to be more cost-effective than tacker fixation. Postoperative quality of life outcomes were similar in the two groups. Among return to activity parameters, time to resumption of daily activities and starting climbing stairs were significantly shorter in the suture group. CONCLUSIONS: The suture fixation method is a cost-effective alternative to tacker fixation in patients with small- to medium-sized defects in laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair. Suture fixation is better than tacker fixation in terms of early postoperative pain and return to activity. The two procedures are equally effective regarding the recurrence rates, complications, hospital stay, chronic pain, quality of life determinants, and patient satisfaction.

A prospective randomized study comparing suture mesh fixation versus tacker mesh fixation for laparoscopic repair of incisional and ventral hernias.

INTRODUCTION: After the first report of laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair (LIVHR) in 1993, several studies have proven its efficacy over open method. Among the technical issues, the technique of mesh fixation to the abdominal wall is still an area of debate. This prospective randomized study was done to compare two techniques of mesh fixation, i.e., tacker with four corner transfascial sutures versus transfascial sutures alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 68 patients admitted for LIVHR repair (defect size less than 25 cm2) were randomized in two groups: group I, tacker fixation (36 patients) and group II, suture fixation (32 patients). Various intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The patients in the two groups were well matched in terms of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and hernia characteristics. Mean BMI was 29.0 kg/m2. Operative time was found to be significantly higher in group II (77.5 versus 52.6 min, p=0.000). Patients in group I were found to have significantly higher pain scores at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. At follow-up, incidence of seromas was higher in group II but the difference was not significant (7 versus 4, p=0.219). During long-term follow-up, patients in group II were satisfied cosmetically. CONCLUSION: Suture fixation is a cost-effective alternative to tacker fixation, for small and medium-sized defects in anatomically accessible areas. However, suture fixation requires significantly longer operation time, but patients have statistically significantly less postoperative pain.