Using focus groups to understand causes for morale decline after introducing change in an IM residency program.

BACKGROUND: Although program evaluation is a core requirement of Internal Medicine residencies, little is reported in the literature regarding resident satisfaction with training. Most program evaluation consists of numerical rating scales from which it is often difficult to pinpoint exact sources of dissatisfaction. METHODS: Our goal in this work is to evaluate the utility of focus group methodology to uncover in detail the reasons for residents' deteriorating morale in an IM residency program, as well as to solicit suggestions for correction. This study employed focus groups (FG) in a qualitative research design, in which descriptive statistics from a resident program evaluation survey served to guide an intensive focus group process. Participants were 40 of 45 2nd and 3rd year internal medicine residents enrolled in the IM residency training program. Five chief residents were trained to conduct 5 focus groups with 8 residents in each group. The focus groups examined possible issues contributing to the deterioration of morale noted in the quantitative survey. RESULTS: Many unexpected themes were uncovered by the FGs. Residents identified the following factors as the major contributors to deteriorating morale: 1) Pace of change 2) Process of change 3) The role of chief residents in change 4) Fear of intimidation and retaliation. Groups also suggested practical recommendations for improving the culture of the residency. CONCLUSION: Introducing change in residency training is a challenging process. Respectful attention to resident frustrations and solution-focused discussions are necessary to understand and improve morale. Focus groups proved to be a useful tool in revealing the precise source of pervasive resident concerns as well as providing potential solutions. In addition, FGs methodology can be adapted in a practical manner to residency evaluation.

Decreasing hospitalization and in-hospital mortality related to cholangitis in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine trends in hospitalization rates and in-hospital mortality of cholangitis and also determine predictive factors of in-hospital mortality. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was utilized for inpatient data analysis from 1988 to 2006. Patients with primary cholangitis International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) discharge diagnosis were included. Age-adjusted procedure rates for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with biliary stent placement and sphincterotomy were also analyzed. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate trends, and linear Poisson multivariate regression model was used to control for variations in age, sex, time of diagnosis, and ethnicity. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictive factors of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The age-adjusted hospitalization rate of cholangitis decreased 24.8% from 2.34 per 100,000 in 1988 to 1.76 per 100,000 in 2006 (P < 0.01). The age-adjusted in-hospital mortality of cholangitis increased 9.2% from 165.0 to 181.6 per 100,000 from 1988 to 1998 (P < 0.01), and then declined 73% to 48.9 per 100,000 in 2006 (P < 0.01). The age-adjusted procedure rates for ERCP with biliary stenting increased from 0.55 to 15.23 per 100,000 from 1988 to 2006 (P < 0.01), as did the age-adjusted rates for ERCP with sphincterotomy from 1.06 to 35.64 per 100,000 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The hospitalization rate of cholangitis has been declining over the past 2 decades. The overall trend in mortality peaked in 1998 and has shown a subsequent decline that may in part be related to increased utilization of endoscopic biliary decompression.