Disposition of levobupivacaine during intraoperative continuous caudal epidural analgesia in a preterm neonate.

BACKGROUND: Continuous caudal epidural analgesia used intraoperatively in children is an effective and safe technique. However, in preterm neonates, developmental factors may significantly affect levobupivacaine disposition, leading to variable pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and potential large-variable systemic toxicity of local anesthetics. OBJECTIVE: To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing the disposition of levobupivacaine used for intraoperative caudal epidural analgesia in a preterm neonate treated for the postoperative pain profile. METHOD: 4-days old neonate (postmenstrual age 35+5, weight 2140 g) with congenital anal atresia received continuous caudal epidural long-term analgesia (loading dose 1.694 mg/kg, initial infusion 0.34 mg/kg/hour) before correction surgery. The blood samples were obtained at 1.0, 1.5, 6.5, 12, and 36.5 h after the start of epidural infusion. The pharmacokinetic profile of levobupivacaine was determined by using the Stochastic Approximation Expectation Maximization algorithm. COMFORT and NIPS pain scores were used for the assessment of epidural analgesia. RESULTS: The levobupivacaine absorption rate constant, apparent volume of distribution, apparent clearance, and elimination half-life were 10.8 h-1, 0.9 L, 0.086 L/h, and 7.3 h, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results confirm our hypothesis of altered pharmacokinetics in the preterm neonate. Therefore, levobupivacaine therapy in these patients should be carefully monitored. Since therapeutic drug monitoring of levobupivacaine is not established in clinical routines, we suggest monitoring the intraoperative pain profile using validated scores. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT number: 2020-000595-37.

Plasma concentrations of levobupivacaine in neonates during caudal epidural analgesia maintained over 48 hours.

BACKGROUND: Differences in neonatal pharmacokinetics are known to cause systemic accumulation of levobupivacaine with adverse effects during epidural analgesia. Therefore, it is not recommended to surpass 48 hours of administration in neonates. Free and total levobupivacaine levels are considered as predictors of toxicity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the LEVON pilot study was to detect the accumulation of levobupivacaine during epidural analgesia exceeding 48 hours in neonates. METHODS: Ten neonates received a loading dose of levobupivacaine (1.25 mg/kg) followed by a continuous infusion (0.2 mg/kg/hour) epidurally. Free and total levobupivacaine concentrations were measured 0.5, 1, 6, 12, 36, 72 and 144 hours after the start of infusion. Cumulative doses of levobupivacaine, pain scores and clinical signs of toxicity were used for assessing efficacy and safety. RESULTS: The median concentrations of total levobupivacaine were 586.0, 563.0, 837.5, 957.0, 1930.0, 708.5 and 357.5 ng/ml. The median concentrations of free levobupivacaine were 4.0, 3.6, 5.5, 3.6, 5.5, 0.8 and 0.0 ng/ml. Three patients reached concerning concentrations of total levobupivacaine. Levels of free levobupivacaine remained low. No signs of toxicity were observed. CONCLUSION: Caudal epidural analgesia with levobupivacaine lasting longer than 48 hours appears to be safe providing that free levobupivacaine levels are below the presumed threshold for toxicity (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 29). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: free levobupivacaine, total levobupivacaine, neonate, caudal continuous epidural analgesia, postoperative pain.

Complex Immunometabolic Profiling Reveals the Activation of Cellular Immunity and Biliary Lesions in Patients with Severe COVID-19.

This study aimed to assess the key laboratory features displayed by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inpatients that are associated with mild, moderate, severe, and fatal courses of the disease, and through a longitudinal follow-up, to understand the dynamics of the COVID-19 pathophysiology. All severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive patients admitted to the University Hospital in Motol between March and June 2020 were included in this study. A severe course of COVID-19 was associated with an elevation of proinflammatory markers; an efflux of immature granulocytes into peripheral blood; the activation of CD8 T cells, which infiltrated the lungs; transient liver disease. In particular, the elevation of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and histological signs of cholestasis were highly specific for patients with a severe form of the disease. In contrast, patients with a fatal course of COVID-19 failed to upregulate markers of inflammation, showed discoordination of the immune response, and progressed toward acute kidney failure. COVID-19 is a disease with a multi-organ affinity that is characterized by the activation of innate and cellular adaptive immunity. Biliary lesions with an elevation of GGT and the organ infiltration of interleukin 6 (IL-6)-producing cells are the defining characteristics for patients with the fulminant disease.