ABSTRACT
AIMS: The C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) axis is highly upregulated in the tissue of patients with type 1 diabetes. Antagonizing CXCR3 may reduce the migration of CXCR3-expressing cells to the pancreas. The pharmacokinetics (PKs), target engagement (TE) (inhibition of CXCR3 internalization) and safety of single- and multiple-ascending doses (SADs and MADs) of ACT-777991, a novel orally available potent CXCR3 antagonist, were assessed in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 study. METHODS: Doses up to 100 mg (SAD part) and 40 mg twice daily (MAD part) were investigated in a total of 70 male and female healthy participants. Food effect was integrated as an SAD subpart. PK, TE, safety and tolerability data were collected up to 4 days after (last) dosing. RESULTS: In both SAD and MAD parts, ACT-777991 was rapidly absorbed with a time to reach maximum concentration between 0.5 and 1.5 h post dose, followed by a biphasic disposition with a terminal half-life between 9.7 and 10.3 h. Increase in exposure and maximum concentration of ACT-777991 were dose-proportional. Steady state was reached after 48 h with minimal accumulation. The rate but not the extent of absorption was modified by food intake. A dose-dependent TE was demonstrated in both SAD and MAD parts. ACT-777991 was well tolerated. Neither a treatment-related pattern nor a dose-response relationship was determined for adverse events or any safety variable. No QT prolongation liability of regulatory concern was detected. CONCLUSIONS: In this first-in-human study, ACT-777991 showed good tolerability for all doses tested and a PK and TE profile suitable for further clinical development.
Subject(s)
Half-Life , Adult , Humans , Male , Female , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Area Under Curve , Double-Blind Method , Healthy Volunteers , Administration, OralSubject(s)
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism , Oxadiazoles/pharmacology , Propylene Glycols/pharmacology , Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/metabolism , Animals , Biomarkers , Cellular Microenvironment/drug effects , Cellular Microenvironment/genetics , Cellular Microenvironment/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Humans , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/etiology , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Lymphocytes/immunology , Lymphocytes/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred MRL lpr , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Plasma Cells/drug effects , Plasma Cells/immunology , Plasma Cells/metabolism , Translational Research, BiomedicalABSTRACT
A series of 2-amino-[1,8]-naphthyridine-3-carboxamides (ANCs) with potent inhibition of bacterial NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligases (LigAs) evolved from a 2,4-diaminopteridine derivative discovered by HTS. The design was guided by several highly resolved X-ray structures of our inhibitors in complex with either Streptococcus pneumoniae or Escherichia coli LigA. The structure-activity-relationship based on the ANC scaffold is discussed. The in-depth characterization of 2-amino-6-bromo-7-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,8]-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide, which displayed promising in vitro (MIC Staphylococcus aureus 1 mg/L) and in vivo anti-staphylococcal activity, is presented.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , DNA Ligases/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Design , Staphylococcus/drug effects , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Crystallography, X-Ray , DNA, Bacterial/antagonists & inhibitors , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mice , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Rats , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a widespread lysophospholipid which displays a wealth of biological effects. Extracellular S1P conveys its activity through five specific G-protein coupled receptors numbered S1P(1) through S1P(5). Agonists of the S1P(1) receptor block the egress of T-lymphocytes from thymus and lymphoid organs and hold promise for the oral treatment of autoimmune disorders. Here, we report on the discovery and detailed structure-activity relationships of a novel class of S1P(1) receptor agonists based on the 2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one scaffold. Compound 8bo (ACT-128800) emerged from this series and is a potent, selective, and orally active S1P(1) receptor agonist selected for clinical development. In the rat, maximal reduction of circulating lymphocytes was reached at a dose of 3 mg/kg. The duration of lymphocyte sequestration was dose dependent. At a dose of 100 mg/kg, the effect on lymphocyte counts was fully reversible within less than 36 h. Pharmacokinetic investigation of 8bo in beagle dogs suggests that the compound is suitable for once daily dosing in humans.
