[Second Consensus of the Chilean Society of Endocrinology and Diabetes about insulin resistance]. / II Consenso de la Sociedad Chilena de Endocrinología y Diabetes sobre resistencia a la insulina.

Insulin resistance is a prevalent condition commonly associated with unhealthy lifestyles. It affects several metabolic pathways, increasing risk of abnormalities at different organ levels. Thus, diverse medical specialties should be involved in its diagnosis and treatment. With the purpose of unifying criteria about this condition, a scientific-based consensus was elaborated. A questionnaire including the most important topics such as cardio-metabolic risk, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome, was designed and sent to national experts. When no agreement among them was achieved, the Delphi methodology was applied. The main conclusions reached are that clinical findings are critical for the diagnosis of insulin resistance, not being necessary blood testing. Acquisition of a healthy lifestyle is the most important therapeutic tool. Insulin-sensitizing drugs should be prescribed to individuals at high risk of disease according to clinically validated outcomes. There are specific recommendations for pregnant women, children, adolescents and older people.

II Consenso de la Sociedad Chilena de Endocrinología y Diabetes sobre resistencia a la insulina

Insulin resistance is a prevalent condition commonly associated with unhealthy lifestyles. It affects several metabolic pathways, increasing risk of abnormalities at different organ levels. Thus, diverse medical specialties should be involved in its diagnosis and treatment. With the purpose of unifying criteria about this condition, a scientific-based consensus was elaborated. A questionnaire including the most important topics such as cardio-metabolic risk, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome, was designed and sent to national experts. When no agreement among them was achieved, the Delphi methodology was applied. The main conclusions reached are that clinical findings are critical for the diagnosis of insulin resistance, not being necessary blood testing. Acquisition of a healthy lifestyle is the most important therapeutic tool. Insulin-sensitizing drugs should be prescribed to individuals at high risk of disease according to clinically validated outcomes. There are specific recommendations for pregnant women, children, adolescents and older people.

Long-term neuroendocrine effects of iron-deficiency anemia in infancy.

INTRODUCTION: Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is recognized to have long-lasting effects on neurodevelopment, but there is little research on neuroendocrine systems. METHODS: This study examined the effects of IDA in early or later infancy on plasma cortisol and prolactin stress-response patterns for 1 h after a venipuncture and catheter placement in 10-y-old healthy Chilean children. Children identified with IDA at 6 mo (IDA-6; n = 13) or 12 mo (IDA-12; n = 24) and who were iron sufficient (IS) at other infancy time points were compared to children who were IS at all time points during infancy (n = 23). All children received at least 6 mo of oral iron treatment in infancy. RESULTS: At 10 y of age, IDA-6 and IDA-12 children demonstrated altered cortisol response patterns; both showed a more immediate decline and IDA-12 children showed a blunted curvature as compared to IS children. IDA-12 children showed significantly lower cortisol levels at 30 and 45 min after venipuncture and catheter placement than did IS children. There were no significant differences for stress-responsive plasma prolactin patterns between groups. DISCUSSION: The results indicate that having IDA during infancy is associated with long-term neuroendocrine effects on stress-responsive cortisol patterns.

Screening of glucose/insulin metabolic alterations in men with multiple skin tags on the neck.

SUMMARY: Multiple skin tags appear associated with abnormalities in glucose/insulin metabolism. Clinical and metabolic glucose/insulin characteristics of men with multiple (8 or more) skin tags on the neck were compared with a control group with few or none. Both groups were divided in two subgroups according to normal or abnormal laboratory findings. In the study subgroup with normal laboratory findings the number of skin tags varied from 8-33, whereas in those with abnormal laboratory findings the range was 9-65. Eight or more skin tags were related with statistically significant laboratory glucose/insulin abnormalities: basal hyperinsulinemia (p<0.002), postprandial hyperinsulinemia (p<0.003), and postprandial hyperglycemia (p<0.01). In the multiple skin tag group 77 % had diverse laboratory abnormalities, including insulin resistance, basal hyperinsulinemia, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes, in contrast with the control group, where only 33 % showed laboratory abnormalities. One-third of the study group had acanthosis nigricans. Only 15 % of patients with metabolic abnormalities did not show any cutaneous expression of glucose/insulin alterations (9 or more skin tags on the neck, acanthosis nigricans, or waist circumference greater than 95 cm). Multiple skin tags were more sensitive than acanthosis nigricans in identifying those with alterations in the glucose/insulin metabolism (77 vs. 32 % respectively), although less specific (68 vs.100%). Multiple skin tags should raise suspicion of insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia.

Efecto de la resección microquirúrgica del ovario en la fertilidad de pacientes con ovario poliquístico resistente al citrato de clomifeno / Effect of ovarian microsurgical resection in the fertility of patients with clomiphene citrate resistant policystic ovary

La presente investigación clínica describe los perfiles semiológicos y endocrinológicos de pacientes portadoras del síndrome de Ovario Poliquístico Resistente al Clomífeno (SOP-RC) n=13. Se analizan los nuevos esquemas terapéuticos en el SOP-RC como gonadotrofina coriónica, (hCG); gonadotrofina humana postmenopáusica (HMG), hormona foliculoestimulante (FSH), agonistas del factor liberador de GnRH (aGnRH) en términos de inducción de ovulación y obtención de embarazos. Un 92%de las pacientes ovularon con estas nuevas terapéuticas pero solamente logran embarazo un 53%de ellas. De las 7 pacientes SOP-RC que no logran embarazo con las nuevas terapias recientemente descritas, 5 de ellas lo logran luego de la resección cuneiforme microquirúrgica del ovario. Se destaca el efecto prolongado de la resección cuneiforme del ovario en estas pacientes dado que 4 de ellas logran segundas y terceras gestaciones sin mediar terapia alguna. Los autores concluyen que la resección microquirúrgica cuneiforme del ovario conserva aún su validez en este grupo muy selectivo de pacientes, mejorando la calidad de su ovulación