[Significance of risk groups in pediatric phthisiology].

Detailed analysis of risk factors in 161 children with pulmonary tuberculosis has established that tuberculosis risk-group children are ill in most cases (82.6%). Examining the results of annual tuberculin diagnosis in 2478 children aged 1 to 14 years in a children's city polyclinic could ascertain that the most risk groups comprise children with a conversion of tuberculin tests (5.2%) and tuberculosis-infected children with increased tuberculin sensitivity (7%) who are the basic contingent of followed up local district pediatric phthisiologists. The priorities of activities of pediatric phthisiology involve the detection of tuberculosis risk groups by the general pediatric service by the tuberculin diagnostic technique under the guidance of a phthisiological service and the choice of individual management policy by their pediatric phthisiologists.

[Significance of a children's tuberculosis sanatorium].

The paper analyzes a contingent of children and adolescents from a tuberculous sanatorium in 2000-2002. It was established that the children and adolescents with local forms of tuberculosis amounted to 14.5%, the children with a variety of tuberculin reactions were 33.5%; the children infected with tuberculosis and risk factors were 42.1%; the total proportion of children who had contacted patients with tuberculosis was 31.7% of the whole contingent of the sanatorium, i.e. about a third. In addition to different manifestations of tuberculous infection, nonspecific abnormalities were detected in 96.4% of the children and adolescents, in the vast majority they being first diagnosed at the sanatorium. The foregoing suggests that a children's tuberculosis sanatorium is of great medical importance under the present conditions.

[Infection of children with tuberculosis and the nature of tuberculin sensitivity in the infected]. / Infitsirovannost' tuberkulezom detei i kharakter tuberkulinovoi chuvstvitel'nosti u infitsirovannykh.

In the Kharkov Region, the rate of tuberculosis infection in children was 28.8%; among them children with a curve of tuberculin reactions was 3.8%; most of them had a moderate sensitivity to tuberculin. The remaining 71.2% of the examinees were not infected with tuberculosis; more than 50% of them (41.1%) had postvaccinal allergy.

[Diagnostic value of immuno-hormonal relationships in adolescents in early primary tuberculosis infection]. / Diagnosticheskaia znachimost' immunogormonal'nykh vzaimosviazei u podrostkov v rannem periode pervichnoi tuberkuleznoi infektsii.

The immunological and hormonal links of homeostasis and the pattern of their relationships were studied in 137 adolescents with early primary tuberculous infection (EPTI) and 79 adolescents uninfected with tuberculosis (control). There was a significant increase in the specific functional activity of T lymphocytes and a reduction in their nonspecific functional activity as compared with the controls, as well as an elevation of the levels of thyroxine, cortisol, and insulin. In EPTI, there was an unbalanced enhancement of the activity of cortisol and insulin with the relative deficiency of the latter, which is indicative of overstrain of nonspecific adaptation reactions. In EPTI, integration of immune-hormonal liaison has been established to occur with the radical (90%) change of the body's functional system. Highly reliable two-dimensional indicators have been proposed for the diagnosis of EPTI in adolescents.

[Risk factors for infection and catching tuberculosis in adolescents in relation to the epidemic risk of a tuberculous focus]. / Faktory riska infitsirovaniia i zabolevaniia tuberkulezom podrostkov v zavisimosti ot stepeni épidemicheskoi opasnosti tuberkuleznogo ochaga.

Examination of risk factors of infection and falling ill with tuberculosis in 453 adolescents who had different contacts with patients with tuberculosis (a study group) and 246 from the healthy environment (a control group) has ascertained that adolescents living in death foci fell ill with tuberculosis 6 times as frequent as the controls (18.2 versus 3.3%) and 3 times as frequent as other subgroups. A subgroup from bacterial isolation foci was the second severest epidemiological risk. They fell ill with tuberculosis twice as frequent as the persons having a contact with patients without bacterial isolates (8.0 and 4.1%) and 2.5 times as frequent as the controls (8.0 and 3.3%). In these subgroups of those fell ill with tuberculosis was slightly more than in the control group (4.1, 4.0, and 3.3%, respectively).

[Impact of cytomegalovirus infection on the course of tuberculosis in children and adolescents]. / Vliianie tsitomegalovirusnoi infektsii na techenie tuberkuleza u detei i podrostkov.

Sixty-five children and adolescents with respiratory tuberculosis were examined to determine the proportion of cytomegalovirus infection among patients with tuberculosis and its impact on the occurrence and course of different forms of tuberculosis. The number of children and adolescents infected with cytomegalovirus among the patients with respiratory tuberculosis (66.2%) was found to be three times more than that among those not infected with tuberculosis (21.0). The absolute majority (91.3%) of the examinees with the complicated course of a tuberculous process were carriers of cytomegalovirus. They were found to have both antigens and antibodies to cytomegalovirus 9 times more frequently than patients with the smooth course of tuberculosis, which is indicative of the activity of cytomegalovirus infection. The findings suggest that cytomegalovirus infection has an impact on the occurrence and pattern of a tuberculous process.

[Specific features of tuberculosis in infants]. / Osobennosti tuberkuleza u detei rannego vozrasta.

Examining active tuberculosis in 38 infants has established the following features: the disease is characterized by predominantly (71%) classical forms of primary tuberculosis; moreover, a primary tuberculosis complex is more common (41.7%) than tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes (26.3%); by complicated tuberculosis in more than a third of the infants, by extrapulmonary tuberculosis in 23.7%, and by the affliction of 2 systems in 13.2%. Tuberculosis runs most severely in children under 1 year of age. The group at the highest risk for tuberculosis may include infants contacting patients with tuberculosis (65.8%), ill vaccinated infants with BCG (89.4%), infants with symptoms of intoxication and thoracic complaints (79.3%), and those with hyperergic and pronounced sensitivity to tuberculin.

[Genetic aspects of tuberculous infection in adolescents]. / Geneticheskie aspekty tuberluleznoi infektsii u podrostkov.

Comparative study of the distribution of antigens of HLA-A, B, and C, as well as somato- and phenotype in 234 adolescents has revealed that HLA-A11 and HLA-B12 antigens may indicate a predisposition to tuberculosis and HLA-A28, HLA-B8, and HLA-B51 antigens are involved in its prevention. It has been found that there is predominance of persons having severe forms of somatotype (dolychobrachymorphic) and that there is also a high phenotype stigmatization in adolescents with different manifestations of tuberculous infection.

[Clinical and x-ray characteristics of respiratory diseases in children]. / Kliniko-rentgenologicheskaia kharakteristika tuberkuleza organov dykhaniia u detei.

Clinical and X-ray characteristics were studied in 102 children with first detected active respiratory tuberculosis. The patients with intrathoracic lymph nodal tuberculosis were 39.2%, those with a primary complex, tuberculosis pleurisy, disseminated tuberculosis, infiltrative tuberculosis, and focal tuberculosis, 33.3, 14.7, 4.9, 5.9, and 1.9%, respectively. Under the present conditions, respiratory tuberculosis is encountered more commonly (72.5%) in infants and pre-school children, which is characterized by its complicated course (30.4%), clinical symptomatology with signs of tuberculous intoxication (66.6%), hyperergic (29.4%) and pronounced (46.1%) tuberculin sensitivity. Surveys have revealed the disease in 58.8% of patients, by tuberculin diagnosis in 36.6 of them.

[Immunological reactivity in adolescents with different manifestations of tuberculosis infection]. / Immunologicheskaia reaktivnost' u podrostkov s razlichnymi proiavleniiami tuberkuleznoi infektsii.

Immunological reactivity was investigated in 306 tuberculosis adolescents aged 13-18 years: 117 with a turn of the tuberculin reactions, 20 with tuberculosis running for more than 2 years in the presence of aggravating factors, 57 with active tuberculosis of the respiratory organs, 15 with attenuating active tuberculosis, 36 with clinically cured tuberculosis. 79 noninfected adolescents served control. Immunological reactivity was altered more appreciably and often (nonspecific declined but specific enhanced) in active tuberculosis, less significantly in cured tuberculosis. The least changes occurred in the turn of tuberculin reactions and in patients infected for more than 2 years. Cellular immunity underwent most pronounced changes.

[Clinical, immunological and psychiatric characteristics of tuberculosis infection initial period in adolescents]. / Klinicheskaia, immunologicheskaia i psikhicheskaia kharakteristika nachal'nogo perioda infitsirovaniia tuberkulezom u podrostkov.

Variability of tuberculin reactions in adolescents may be represented by changes of a negative tuberculin test to a positive or false one, then to a positive test. Adolescents primarily infected with tuberculosis have predisposing factors: inadequate immunoprophylaxis contact with tuberculosis patients, discord in physical development, hyperergic sensitivity to tuberculin, which can determine a further course of tuberculosis infection. The variability of tuberculin reactions in adolescents is characterized by changed immunological responsiveness as higher immunospecific parameters and lower nonspecific responsiveness parameters, as well as decreased attention; there is a trend for frequent development of primary infection in persons having character accentuation. The aforesaid allows the variability of tuberculin reactions to be regarded as "minor disease".

[Tuberculosis infection among teenagers]. / Ob infitsirovannosti tuberkulezom podrostkov.

Infection with tuberculosis was studied in 3509 adolescents aged 15 years from various social groups via twice BCG revaccination by analyzing the responses to Mantoux tests with 2 TU of tuberculin purified protein derivative and by following them up for 3 years with an annual examination of the same group. The rates of infection among the teenagers was found to be 32.1% and higher (58.5%) in persons without vaccination signs, but with the latter they depend upon the time after BCG vaccination: 0.7% 3 years after the second revaccination, 30.2% after the first revaccination, and 66.8% 15 years following the first vaccination. The timely and qualitative antituberculosis immunization during twice revaccination contributes to reduced infection rates among teenagers.

[Role of phenotype in liver function in adolescents with change of the tuberculin reaction during chemoprophylaxis]. / Znachenie fenotipa dlia funktsionalnogo sostoianiia pecheni u podrostkov s virazhom tuberkulinovykh reaktsii pri provedenii khimioprofilaktiki.

A total of 92 adolescents aged 13-17 with a turn in the tuberculin reactions underwent clinicomorphological and laboratory examinations at sanatorium where they received chemoprophylaxis for tuberculosis. The clinicomorphological examination involved description of phenotypical characteristics of dysembryogenetic stigmas by 22 anatomical units. Hepatic function was assessed before and during chemoprophylaxis by serum biochemistry: total and direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid. High stigmatization of the phenotype, the presence of dysembryogenetic stigmas of the face and skull, nose, jaws, chest, abdomen and pelvis occurred more frequently in adolescents with changes in serum biochemistry reflecting hepatic condition.

[Effectiveness of chemoprevention of tuberculosis in adolescents with hyperreactivity to the Mantoux test with 2 TU in tuberculin electrophoresis]. / Effektivnost khimioprofilaktiki tuberkulëza u infitsirovannykh podrostkov s vyrazhennoi i giperergicheskoi reaktsiiami na probu Mantu s 2 TE pri primenenii élektroforeza tuberkulina.

It is demonstrated that tuberculin electrophoresis in chemoprophylaxix for M.tuberculosis infection in adolescents with a marked of hyperergic reaction to the Mantoux test (2TU) contributes to enhancement of nonspecific immunological reactivity, to a decline in immunospecific reactions, and reduction in the response to the Mantoux test (2TU).

[Use of levamisole electrophoresis in chemical prophylaxis in adolescents with a change in tuberculin reaction]. / Primenenie élektroforeza levamizola pri khimmioprofilaktike u podrostkov s virazhom tuberkulinovykh reaktsii.

Immunological reactivity was assessed in 108 adolescents aged 12-17: 25 healthy subjects, 29 and 54 adolescents with a turn in tuberculin tests. The latter received isoniazid alone for 3 months and in combination with levamisole electrophoresis, respectively. Immunological reactivity responded more advantageously in 54 subjects exposed to adjuvant levamisole electrophoresis. They showed inhibition of immunospecific reactions and enhancement of nonspecific ones as well as of skin tuberculin sensitivity. Levamisole electrophoresis raised the efficacy of secondary prophylaxis in adolescents with a turn in tuberculin tests.

[Hormonal shifts in adolescents in the initial period of infection with tuberculosis]. / Gormonal'nye sdvigi u podrostkov v nachal'nom periode infitsirovaniia tuberkulezom.

In 78 adolescents aged 13-17 years, the functions of the pituitary body, adrenal and thyroid glands and pancreas were examined by means of radioimmunoassay. The controls were represented by 31 subjects with non-infected tuberculosis; in 47 adolescents, tuberculin test was seen to turn positive. The initial period of the tuberculosis infection in adolescents is marked by the following changes: inhibited pituitary function (other than adrenocorticotropic hormone); higher adrenal activity, elevated cortisol levels, altered (predominantly depressed) thyroidal function; and increased pancreas functional activity. The above changes indicate the inhibition of human defense forces and its comparatively high energy consumption. The presence of deviations in the physical development of adolescents, most frequently leading to an excessive weight, and pronounced tuberculin sensitivity aggravate the disturbance of the hormone equilibrium.