Malignant Brenner Tumor of the Ovary: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Malignant Brenner tumors are rare ovarian tumors, accounting for less than 1% of malignant ovarian neoplasms. The aim of this manuscript is to systematically review the current literature concerning malignant Brenner tumors. METHODS: We searched three medical databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) for relevant articles published until 15 September 2023. RESULTS: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 48 manuscripts describing 115 cases were included in this study from the English literature. CONCLUSIONS: We analyzed the demographic, clinical, pathological, and oncological characteristics of 115 patients with malignant Brenner tumors. The statistical analysis showed that recurrence was marginally statistically significantly related to tumor stage and was more common in patients with ascites and in women with abnormal CA-125 levels; patients that were treated with lymphadenectomy had better disease-specific survival.

Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis from Ovarian Carcinoma: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Axillary lymph node metastasis is a rare stage IV ovarian carcinoma manifestation. This manuscript aims to systematically review the literature regarding axillary lymph node metastasis from ovarian carcinoma. METHODS: We searched three medical internet databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) for relevant articles published until 22 July 2023. Cases describing supraclavicular or intramammary lymph node metastases and concurrent metastasis to the breast were excluded. RESULTS: After applying eligibility/inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty-one manuscripts describing twenty-five cases were included from the English literature. Data were collected and analyzed regarding demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, histopathological, and oncological characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: We analyzed the clinical and oncological characteristics of patients with axillary lymph node metastasis from ovarian carcinoma, presented either as an initial diagnosis of the disease or as a recurrent disease. The analysis we performed showed a significant difference only in the serum CA-125 level (p = 0.004) between the two groups. There was no observed difference in womens' survival.

Breast Cancer and Fertility Preservation in Young Female Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer affects almost 1.5 million women worldwide below the age of 45 years each year. Many of these women will be advised to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy to minimize the risk of death or recurrence of the tumor. For these patients, chemotherapy is a known cause of infertility, as it can damage primordial follicles, which can lead to early menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current evidence of the most suitable treatments for fertility preservation. METHODOLOGY: This review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. The authors conducted an extensive search from the last 15 years. Relevant studies were pursued in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up until 31 July 2023. A total of seven eligible studies were identified. RESULTS: From the reviewed literature, ovarian suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists showed promising results in preserving fertility for breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Additionally, oocyte and embryo cryopreservation demonstrated successful outcomes, with embryo cryopreservation being the most effective option. Notably, the slow-freezing and vitrification methods were both effective in preserving embryos, with vitrification showing superior results in clinical-assisted reproductive technologies. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation emerged as a viable option for prepubertal girls and those unable to undergo conventional ovarian stimulation. The potential of in vitro maturation (IVM) as an alternative method presents a promising avenue for future fertility preservation research. DISCUSSION: The most suitable treatments for fertility preservation in young patients is the temporary suppression with luteinizing hormone-releasing analogs, while the patient undergoes chemotherapy and cryopreservation. For cryopreservation, the physicians might deem it necessary to either cryopreserve ovarian tissue taken from the patient before any treatment or cryopreserve embryos/oocytes. Cryopreservation of oocytes and/or embryos is the most effective solution for fertility preservation in women of reproductive age, who have a sufficient ovarian reserve and are diagnosed with breast cancer, regardless of the histological type of the tumor. Because approximately 50% of young breast cancer patients are interested in becoming pregnant right after completion of therapy, the evolution and development of fertility preservation techniques promise to be very exciting.

The Correlation Between Progesterone and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis.

Higher mammographic breast density in premenopausal and postmenopausal women is related to a higher breast cancer risk. In this review, we analyze the correlation between estrogen, progesterone, and mammographic density in postmenopausal women and clarify whether these findings are consistent across different types of mammographic breast density. We extracted data concerning mammographic density increases in the populations treated with estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy and those treated with estrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy. Postmenopausal women treated with estrogen and progesterone regimens had a statistically significant lesser mammographic density increase than estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy regimens.

A Case of Prostatic Signet-Ring Cell-like Carcinoma with Pagetoid Spread and Intraductal Carcinoma and Long-Term Survival: PD-L1 and Mismatch Repair System Proteins (MMR) Immunohistochemical Evaluation with Systematic Literature Review.

Prostatic adenocarcinoma (PA) is the second most common malignancy in men globally. Signet-ring cell-like adenocarcinoma (SRCC) is a very rare PA subtype, with around 200 cases reported in the English literature. Histologically, the tumor cells show a vacuole compressing the nucleus to the periphery. Pagetoid spread in acini and ducts is usually related to metastases from urothelial or colorectal carcinomas, less commonly associated with intraductal carcinoma (IC); histologically, the tumor cells grow between the acinar secretory and basal cell layers. To our knowledge, we report the first prostatic SRCC (Gleason score 10, stage pT3b) associated with IC and pagetoid spread to prostatic acini and seminal vesicles. To our systematic literature review (PRISMA guidelines), it is the first tested case for both PD-L1 (<1% of positive tumor cells, clone 22C3) and mismatch repair system proteins (MMR) (MLH1+/MSH2+/PMS2+/MSH6+). We found no SRCC previously tested for MMR, while only four previous cases showed high expression of another PD-L1 clone (28-8). Finally, we discussed the differential diagnoses of prostatic SRCC.

Fibroadenoma Arising in Axillary Ectopic Breast Tissue. A Diagnostic Challenge.

Ectopic or accessory breast tissue may occur in primitive embryonic milk lines or locations other than the milk line. The same pathology arising in breast tissue may occur less frequently in ectopic breast tissue. Fibroadenomas rarely occur in ectopic breast tissue, with less than 50 reported cases in the English literature, despite being the most common benign breast neoplasms. Diagnosing fibroadenoma in ectopic breast tissue can be challenging due to the lack of clinical suspicion and the atypical findings in imaging studies. Treatment consists of surgical excision. In this manuscript, we present a case of a 24-year-old patient with a fibroadenoma of the left axilla arising in bilateral axillary ectopic breast tissue, and we comprehensively review the literature.

Local recurrence for phyllodes tumours of the breast: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

The objective of the present systematic review was the determination of methodologies preferable for treating phyllodes tumors (PTs) of the breast and whether the malignancy of the tumor is of significance to the selected treatment. In addition, to investigate if local recurrence (LR) within patients is different based on the therapeutic approach followed by the physician. All studies were gathered by utilization of the biggest online medical databases in the world including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Due to the specificity of the study, the resultant set of studies included in the present analysis was not large. All included studies had to refer to patients diagnosed with PTs of the breast, include the malignancy of the tumor and the preferred treatment. Moreover, they included a reference to LR post-treatment, even if there wasn't any. The age range of patients was 20-55 years old and follow-ups should have been performed. As a result, from the initial 484 studies gathered and after proper and thorough evaluation, only 10 were of significance. The studies appeared heterogeneous in terms of population, topology, treatment methodology, additional therapeutic approaches, LR rate, age and follow-up periods. Overall, excisions were used for non-malignant tumors while mastectomy was preferable for tumors with malignancy. Radiotherapy was used both as an additional treatment for tumors and LR. Also, it was revealed that LR varied based on the malignancy and treatment methodology.

Metaplastic Matrix-Producing Carcinoma and Apocrine Lobular Carcinoma In Situ Associated with Microglandular Adenosis: A Unique Case Report.

Microglandular adenosis is a non-lobulocentric haphazard proliferation of small round glands composed of a single layer of flat to cuboidal epithelial cells. The glandular structures lack a myoepithelial layer; however, they are surrounded by a basement membrane. Its clinical course is benign, when it is not associated with invasive carcinoma. In around 30% of cases, there is a gradual transition to atypical microglandular adenosis, carcinoma in situ, and invasive breast carcinoma of several different histologic subtypes, including an invasive carcinoma of no special type, metaplastic matrix-producing carcinoma, secretory carcinoma, metaplastic carcinoma with squamous differentiation, acinic cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Recent molecular studies suggest that microglandular adenosis is a non-obligate precursor of triple-negative breast carcinomas. In this manuscript, we present a unique case of microglandular adenosis associated with metaplastic matrix-producing carcinoma and HER-2 neu oncoprotein positive pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ with apocrine differentiation in a 79-year-old patient.

Mammary Myofibroblastoma: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature.

Mammary myofibroblastoma is a benign mesenchymal tumor composed of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and a variable number of adipocytes. Mammary myofibroblastoma usually occurs in men of older age and is less common in postmenopausal women. It may also happen in extramammary sites along the milk line. In this instance, it is referred to as mammary-type myofibroblastoma. Rarely multifocal and bilateral tumors have been described. Clinically and radiologically, it can be misinterpreted as a malignant tumor due to its rarity. Size usually does not exceed 3 cm. The diagnosis requires clinicopathological correlation with morphological and immunohistochemical evaluation, especially in limited biopsy specimens. We herewith describe a rare case of mammary myofibroblastoma in a 37-year-old female patient. We also review the literature focusing on the potential differential diagnostic issues and discuss this tumor's ultrastructural and cytogenetic findings.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the breast: A case study.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a superficial mesenchymal neoplasm that originates from the dermal fibroblasts and tends to be locally aggressive. Although infrequent, it is one of the most common cutaneous sarcomas. It mainly affects young and middle-aged patients 20 to 50 years old. Any area of skin may be involved, but the most common sites of presentation are the trunk and extremities. DFSP of the breast is extremely rare. It classically presents as a nodular, exophytic, cutaneous mass, though initially it can manifest as a flat plague and can show persistent but slow growth for many years. Due to increased risk of local recurrence, the standard of care for localized disease is surgical excision with adequate margins. Wide local excision is the most common technique used, but as an alternative Mohs micrographic surgery has emerged as a procedure that offers lower local recurrence rates. Metastases are rare but have been previously reported. In such patients, treatment with imatinib or radiotherapy can be considered. The current case presents a 52-year-old lady with DFSP of the breast that was successfully managed by the Breast Unit of Athens Medical Center-Psychiko Clinic.