Subject(s)
Contrast Sensitivity/drug effects , Gastroesophageal Reflux/drug therapy , Omeprazole/adverse effects , Optic Nerve Diseases/chemically induced , Visual Acuity , Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/complications , Adult , Contrast Sensitivity/physiology , Female , Humans , Omeprazole/therapeutic use , Optic Disk/diagnostic imaging , Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Optic Nerve Diseases/physiopathology , Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects , Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Visual Fields/drug effects , Visual Fields/physiology , Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/diagnosisSubject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Blindness/etiology , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Adult , Brain Ischemia/etiology , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Fatal Outcome , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , SARS-CoV-2 , Stroke/etiology , Visual Acuity/physiologyABSTRACT
Human neocortical molecular layer heterotopia consist of aggregations of hundreds of neurons and glia in the molecular layer (layer I) and are indicative of neuronal migration defect. Despite having been associated with dyslexia, epilepsy, cobblestone lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, and Fukuyama muscular dystrophy, a complete understanding of the cellular and axonal constituents of molecular layer heterotopia is lacking. Using a mouse model, we identify diverse excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as glia in heterotopia based on molecular profiles. Using immunocytochemistry, we identify diverse afferents in heterotopia from subcortical neuromodulatory centers. Finally, we document intracortical projections to/from heterotopia. These data are relevant toward understanding how heterotopia affect brain function in diverse neurodevelopmental disorders.
Subject(s)
Axons/pathology , Malformations of Cortical Development, Group II/pathology , Neocortex/pathology , Neuroglia/pathology , Neurons/pathology , Animals , Axons/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Immunohistochemistry , Malformations of Cortical Development, Group II/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Neocortex/metabolism , Neuroglia/metabolism , Neurons/metabolismABSTRACT
Molecular layer heterotopia of the cerebellar primary fissure are a characteristic of many rat strains and are hypothesized to result from defect of granule cells exiting the external granule cell layer during cerebellar development. However, the cellular and axonal constituents of these malformations remain poorly understood. In the present report, we use histochemistry and immunocytochemistry to identify neuronal, glial, and axonal classes in molecular layer heterotopia. In particular, we identify parvalbumin-expressing molecular layer interneurons in heterotopia as well as three glial cell types including Bergmann glia, Olig2-expressing oligodendrocytes, and Iba1-expressing microglia. In addition, we document the presence of myelinated, serotonergic, catecholaminergic, and cholinergic axons in heterotopia indicating possible spinal and brainstem afferent projections to heterotopic cells. These findings are relevant toward understanding the mechanisms of normal and abnormal cerebellar development.
