ABSTRACT
Postoperative pain is generally a novel experience among paediatric patients. Topical anaesthetics, distraction procedures, and buffering of anaesthetic solutions have been used in reducing the postoperative pain. In this review, the authors assessed various modalities used to alleviate postoperative pain in children's dental treatment under general anaesthesia. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol were strictly adhered to in this systematic review. Specific keywords including postoperative pain, general anaesthesia, children, and dental extraction were used in the search for relevant randomized control trial studies in Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed, and included articles published until June 2021. From a total of 191 abstracts, 21 were reviewed. From the six studies with the usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alone or in combination with paracetamol, four observed that the preoperative use of NSAIDs alone or in combination was better than paracetamol alone, one discovered preoperative intravenous paracetamol was better than postoperative intravenous paracetamol, and the remaining study found no difference among various groups. Of two studies comparing the usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with opioid analgesics, one stated intravenous fentanyl in combination was better, while the other study found no difference among groups. The results obtained in this review can be utilized by physicians to control postoperative pain in children undergoing dental treatment under general anaesthesia.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, General , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal , Pain, Postoperative , Humans , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Child , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Dental Care for Children/methods , Acetaminophen/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Anesthesia, Dental/methods , Tooth ExtractionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study aims to qualitatively and quantitatively review the association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords "EBV or Epstein Barr virus and Oral cancer or Oral squamous cell carcinoma" for published case-control studies in the English language upto August 2019. RESULTS: The search yielded 985 articles out of which 966 articles were excluded by screening their titles and abstracts as they were irrelevant or duplicates. Based on the full-text assessment of the remaining 19 articles, only 7 satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, out of which only 4 were compatible to be included in the meta-analysis. The diagnostic modalities used included immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. The diagnostic targets included latent membrane protein (LMP)-1, EBV determined nuclear antigen-1, EBV-encoded small non-polyadenylated RNA-2. The meta-analysis showed that there is an association between the EBV and OSCC. CONCLUSIONS: Determining the association of EBV with OSCC is highly tedious due to the contrasting data obtained from individuals' studies which in turn is due to the wide variations in the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic modalities used and diagnostic targets selected. Although the meta-analysis revealed an association between EBV and OSCC, the number and the quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis are limited, thus the association requires further validation for any conclusive inference.
