ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Self-care behavior is associated with the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Self-care behaviors can be improved through positive thinking, attitude, and knowledge. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be one of the interventions for improving self-care behaviors. However, the ideal model and duration of the intervention and an effective assessment instrument to measure the improvement in self-care behaviors remain unidentified. Therefore, this review aimed to assess the effectiveness of CBT, including its models, duration, and instruments, in improving self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The Scopus, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EBSCO Host, Directory of Open Access Journals, GARUDA, Taylor & Francis, and Gray Literature databases were systematically searched to identify studies that were in English and published in 2011-2021. The quality of the identified articles was assessed using The Critical Appraisal Skill Programme. RESULTS: We found 368 patients in seven randomized controlled trials. CBT was significantly effective in improving overall self-care behavior, including blood glucose monitoring, physical activity, and medication compliance. CONCLUSION: Individual and group CBT interventions applied face-to-face, via telephone, and via internet show an increase in self-care behavior in patients with T2DM. The duration of treatment had a significant effect at 3 months to 1 year with 12-21 sessions. CBT is performed by a CBT licensed nurse or psychiatrist, nutritionist, CBT psychologist with experience in diabetes care, doctors, research students.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Blood Glucose , Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Humans , Self CareABSTRACT
Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of family empowerment through educational interventions against HbA1c level and healing progress of diabetic foot ulcers. Method. A quasi-experimental design was employed involving 33 participants from 4 wound care clinics in Makassar, eastern Indonesia. The intervention group consisted of 17 participants and their families; the control group was composed of 16 participants who received nonstructural education. Family empowerment was measured by the Indonesian version of the Family Empowerment Scale instrument. Glycemic control was evaluated with HbA1c levels, and the wound healing process was evaluated on the Diabetic Foot Ulcers Assessment Scale. Result. After 3 months, Family Empowerment Scale scores improved, particularly in the subdomain of family knowledge (16.59 ± 3.92 vs 13.38 ± 1.26; P = .005) and attitude (3.65 ± 0.93 vs 2.75 ± 0.45; P = .002). After 3 months of intervention, HbA1c decreased (from 10.47 ± 2.44% to 8.81 ± 1.83%), compared with the control group (P = .048). Meanwhile, an independent t test further revealed that the wound healing process tended to be better with the intervention group (4.71 ± 7.74) compared with the control group (17.25 ± 17.06), with P = .010 at the third month. Conclusion. Family-based education intervention creates family empowerment to control HbA1c levels and accelerate wound healing of diabetic foot ulcer.
