Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (i-PRF) in the Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis-A Systematic Review.

The gold standard in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis is scaling and root planing (SRP). In recent years, the use of autogenous platelet concentrates has spread over many specialties in dentistry and, thus, has also been gaining popularity in periodontal treatment. Its two main fractions are platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), which, since 2014, can also be used via injection as injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF). The authors conducted a comprehensive systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. It involved searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using the phrases ("Root Planing" OR "Subgingival Curettage" OR "Periodontal Debridement") AND ("Platelet-Rich Plasma"). Based on the authors' inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 results were included in the review, out of 1170 total results. The objective of this review was to ascertain the impact of utilizing PRP and i-PRF in SRP. The results revealed that both the incorporation of PRP and i-PRF were found to be significantly associated with are duction in gingival pocket depth and again in clinical attachment level; however, i-PRF demonstrated superiority in improving clinical parameters. Furthermore, i-PRF demonstrated notable bactericidal efficacy against Porphyromonas gingivalis. On the other hand, PRP proved inferior to an Nd:YAG laser in clinical parameter improvement; however, it demonstrated significant efficiency as well. This literature review led the authors to the conclusion that autologous platelet concentrates might be competent agents for improving the therapeutic outcomes of SRP.

Introduction to Amniotic Membranes in Maxillofacial Surgery-A Scoping Review.

Background: Amniotic membrane (AM) holds significant promise in various medical fields due to its unique properties and minimal ethical concerns. This study aims to explore the diverse applications of the human amniotic membrane (HAM) in maxillofacial surgery. Methodology: A comprehensive search was conducted on databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, from January 1985 to March 2024. Articles in English, Polish, and Spanish were included, focusing on keywords related to amniotic membrane and oral surgery. Results: Various preservation methods for HAM were identified, namely fresh, decellularized, cryopreserved, lyophilized, and air-dried formats. Clinical studies demonstrated the efficacy of HAM in repairing oral mucosal defects, vestibuloplasty, oronasal fistula closure, cleft palate treatment, bone defect repair, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Surgeon evaluations highlighted the ease of handling but noted challenges in suturing and stability during application. Conclusions: Amniotic membranes offer a versatile and effective option in maxillofacial surgery, promoting wound healing, reducing inflammation, and providing a scaffold for tissue regeneration. Further research, including randomized trials and comparative studies, is warranted to validate the efficacy and optimize the utilization of HAM in clinical practice.

Red/Orange Autofluorescence in Selected Candida Strains Exposed to 405 nm Laser Light.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans and similar species are significant pathogens in immunocompromised and hospitalized individuals, known for mucosal colonization and bloodstream/organ invasion. Many pathogenic fungi, including these species, exhibit autofluorescence (R/OF) under specific light conditions, a feature crucial for their detection. AIM: We investigated the use of a 405 nm diode laser for the direct observation of red/orange autofluorescence of Candida spp., common in the oral cavity, exploring its potential in health screenings. METHODS: This study utilized cultures of Candida spp. on Sabouraud dextrose agar with Qdot 655 and 685 for fluorescence benchmarking, illuminated using a 405 nm diode laser (continuous wave, power 250 mW, 0.0425 J/cm² fluence, 0.0014 W/cm² power density). Images were captured using a yellow-filter camera at set intervals (48 to 144 h). Visual and computational analyses evaluated the R/OF in terms of presence, intensity, coloration, and intra-colony variation. RESULTS: Most Candida strains displayed red/orange autofluorescence at all observation times, characterized by varied coloration and intra-colony distribution. Initially, there was an increase in R/OF intensity, which then stabilized in the later stages of observation. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the Candida strains tested are capable of emitting R/OF under 405 nm laser light. This finding opens up new possibilities for integrating R/OF detection into routine dental screenings for Candida spp.

Effect of Different Application Modalities on the Bonding Performance of Adhesive Systems to Dentin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Diverse types of dental adhesives exhibit different cytotoxic outcomes on cells in vitro. Currently, no standard adhesive application technique has so far been decisive for clinicians for better durability of resin-dentin bonds of adhesive systems. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to evaluate the bonding performance of adhesive systems to dentin by using different application modalities. The systematic research strategy was conducted by two reviewers among multiple databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Scielo. In vitro studies reporting the effects of additional steps for the application of adhesive systems on the bond strength to dentin were selected. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager Software version 5.3.5 using the random effects model. The methodological quality of each in vitro study was assessed according to the parameters of a previous systematic review. The electronic research through different databases generated a total of 8318 references. After the examination of titles and abstracts, a total of 106 potentially relevant studies accessed the full-text evaluation phase. After full-text examination, 78 publications were included for the qualitative analysis, and 68 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Regarding the etch-and-rinse adhesive systems, the application modalities that improved the overall bond strength were the application of a hydrophobic resin layer (p = 0.005), an extended application time (p < 0.001), an application assisted by an electric current (p < 0.001), a double-layer application (p = 0.05), the agitation technique (p = 0.02), and the active application of the adhesive (p < 0.001). For self-etch adhesive systems, the techniques that improved the overall bond strength were the application of a hydrophobic resin layer (p < 0.001), an extended application time (p = 0.001), an application assisted by an electric current (p < 0.001), a double-layer application (p < 0.001), the agitation technique (p = 0.01), and the active application of the adhesive (p < 0.001). The in vitro evidence suggests that the application of adhesive systems using alternative techniques or additional strategies may be beneficial for improving their bond strength to dentin. The application modalities that favored the overall bond strength to dentin were an extended application time, a double-layer application, an application assisted by an electric current, the active application of the adhesive, and the application of a hydrophobic resin layer. Worth mentioning is that some techniques are intended to increase the degree of the conversion of the materials, and therefore, improvements in the biocompatibility of the materials can be expected.

Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Selected Candida Strains to Ozonated Water-An In Vitro Study.

(1) Background and Objectives: Oral candidiasis has increased significantly in recent years. Increasingly, we encounter treatment difficulties related to drug resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to search for other therapies such as ozone therapy, which has antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of selected Candida strains to ozonated water based on concentration and contact time (2) Methods: The sensitivity of Candida strains to ozonated water with a concentration of 5 µg/mL, 30 µg/mL, and 50 µg/mL was assessed using Mosmann's Tetrazolium Toxicity (MTT) assay. Statistical differences were assessed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. (3) Results: In all the strains and research trials, the number of viable cells was reduced by ozonated water. The reduction depended on the exposure time and concentration of ozonated water. The highest percentage reduction (34.98%) for the tested samples was obtained for the C. albicans strain after 120 s of exposure at the highest concentration-50 µg/mL. (4) Conclusions: The selected strains of Candida spp. were sensitive to ozonated water at all tested concentrations (5 µg/mL, 30 µg/mL, and 50 µg/mL). The sensitivity of strains to ozonated water increased with concentration and application time. Moreover, the sensitivity of Candida strains to ozonated water is comparable to that of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate.

Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis-A Case Report.

In 2021, our group published a laboratory study on the impact of PBM on human gingival fibroblasts. The in vitro results confirmed the fact that the appropriately selected wavelength and properly selected parameters of the laser settings can increase cell proliferation, modulate inflammatory markers, and decrease the susceptibility of human gingival fibroblasts to apoptosis. Therefore, this case report was aimed at the clinical evaluation of the proposed settings and treatment regimen in a very difficult situation of an immunocompromised patient with extensive changes and stagnation of symptoms for many weeks. A 65-year-old man, during his oncological treatment, was diagnosed with oral mucositis grade 3 according to the World Health Organization and National Cancer Institute scales. Due to pain sensation, long-lasting and not healing oral lesions, and problems with solid food intake, he was qualified for laser photobiomodulation therapy. For the management of oral lesions, a diode laser 635 nm (SmartMPro, Lasotronix, Poland) was intraorally applied at an energy density of 4 J/cm2, the 20 s of irradiation, the output power of 100 mW, and in continuous wave mode. Seven treatment procedures were performed two times a week using the spot technique in contact and non-contact mode. Within 21 days of monotherapy, all ailments disappeared. The patient was also able to reuse dental dentures and return to a solid diet. The obtained results confirm the efficiency of at least 3 PBM protocols. Our case shows that the use of PMB therapy contributes to faster healing of painful oral lesions in oncological patients, and thus the treatment time and return to the appropriate quality of life is shorter.

Type 1 Diabetic Patients After Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney Transplantation Have Less Intense Periodontal Inflammation Compared to Kidney Recipients Treated with Insulin.

BACKGROUND Long-term diabetes predisposes to pathological changes in periodontal tissues. Improvement in this respect can be expected in patients after pancreas transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the intensity of periodontium pathological lesions and inflammation markers concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) after kidney (KTx) or simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 20 T1D patients after SPK and 16 after KTx, and 15 non-diabetic kidney recipients (control). Periodontal clinical parameters and concentration of selected biochemical markers of inflammation in GCF were assessed. The following tests were used in statistical data analysis: Shapiro-Wilk test, the t test, the Mann-Whitney U tests, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test, and χ² test (also with Yate's correction). Moreover, linear regression and Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient was used. RESULTS There were no differences in modified Sulcus Bleeding Index (mSBI) and GCF volume between the SPK group and control group, whereas values of these parameters in the KTx group were higher than in the SPK and control groups. Maximal clinical attachment loss and pocket depth and Periotest values were higher in diabetic recipients compared to controls, and did not differ between SPK and KTx. The concentration of IL-1ß, MMP-8, resistin, TNFalpha, and YKL40 in the GCF in the KTx group was higher than in the SPK and control groups. In the combined group of T1D patients, there was a correlation between blood HbA1c and mSBI, GCF volume, and resistin, TNF-alpha and YKL40 concentrations, and between resistin concentration and mSBI. CONCLUSIONS T1D patients after SPK show lower levels of inflammatory markers in GCF and present reduced intensity of periodontitis compared to kidney recipients treated with insulin. The severity of morphological changes in periodontium in T1D patients after KTx or SPK is higher than in non-diabetic kidney recipients.

The spectrum of non-characteristic oral manifestations in COVID-19 - a scoping brief commentary.

Virus-induced oral abnormalities, occurring especially in severe COVID-19 cases of hospitalized patients, have various characteristics and clinical features being, either directly or indirectly, related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Deregulation of the immune system as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to the impairment of the normal defense pathway in the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. This scoping mini-review is aimed to critically appraise the existing evidence concerning the potential link between COVID-19 condition and abnormal manifestations within oral cavity, affecting oral mucosa, salivary glands and sensory elements. COVID-induced oral mucosa manifestations, with various clinical aspects, are likely to occur as coinfections and secondary symptoms, as immune system imbalance is per se a causative factor of secondary manifestations. Oral mucosal lesions related to SARS-CoV-2 infection do not seem to demonstrate gender predilection, with the average reported age around 50 years of age. They include mainly white and erythematous plaques, ulcers, blisters, petechiae. The affected intraoral areas were mainly: tongue, palate, lips, gingiva, and buccal mucosa. The "aggressive" therapies utilized to treat COVID-19, including drug interactions may aggravate or initiate OMLs pathologies. Neglected oral hygiene or partial or complete abandonment of oral hygiene during intensive hospitalization constitutes an independent factor promoting a wide range of oral pathologies. In addition, stress factor indirectly impairs functioning of the immune system. Oral mucosa lesions occurring in COVID-19 cases present with a wide variation of non-characteristic features. These intraoral, soft tissues abnormalities seem to be reversible and transient. A potential impact of severe oral pathologies to systemic health resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with associated poor oral hygiene should not be ignored, predominantly in seriously ill patients hospitalized in intensive care units. Med Pr. 2021;72(6):685-92.

Influence of Incubation Time on Ortho-Toluidine Blue Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Directed against Selected Candida Strains-An In Vitro Study.

(1) Background and the aim: The appropriate incubation time in the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy protocol seems to have a huge impact on the efficacy of this process. This is particularly important in relation to Candida strains, due to the size of these cells and the presence of the cell wall. The aims of this study were to determine the optimal incubation time needed for the absorption of toluidine blue by cells of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis using direct observation by optical microscopy, and to evaluate the efficacy of TBO-mediated aPDT on planktonic cells of these strains. (2) Methods: The microscopic evaluation consisted of taking a series of images at a magnification of 600× and counting the % of stained cells. The in vitro effect of TBO-mediated aPDT combined with a diode laser (635 nm, 400mW, 12 J/cm2, CW) on the viability of yeast cells with different incubation times was evaluated. (3) Results: The presence of TBO within the cytoplasm was observed in all tested Candida strains and at all microscopic evaluation times. However, the highest percentages of cells were stained at 7 and 10 min. The highest % reduction of CFU/mL after TBO-mediated aPDT against Candida was obtained for the strain C. albicans ATCC 10,231 and it was 78.55%. (4) Conclusions: TBO-mediated aPDT against Candida was effective in reducing the number of CFU/mL at all assessed incubation times. However, the most efficient period for almost all strains was 7-10 min.

The Bond Strength and Antibacterial Activity of the Universal Dentin Bonding System: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a group of viridans mostly located in oral flora among the wide and biodiverse biofilm. It plays a significant role not only in caries formation but also triggering intracerebral haemorrhage. The durable and stable bond interface, besides bacteria elimination, is one of the crucial factors influencing the resin composite restoration performance. This study aimed to evaluate universal adhesives (UAs) with regard to in vitro bond strength to dentin, and the inhibition of the S. mutans growth and compare them with UAs modified with antimicrobial agents through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Two reviewers performed a literature search up to April 2021 in 5 electronic databases: PubMed MedLine, Scielo, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE. Only in vitro studies reporting the effect of modifying UAs with antimicrobial agents on the bond strength to dentin and/or on the inhibition of the S. mutans were included. Analyses were carried out using Review Manager Software version 5.3.5 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). The methodological quality of each in vitro study was evaluated following the parameters of a previous systematic review. A total of 1716 potentially relevant publications were recognized. After reviewing the title and abstract, 16 studies remained in the systematic review. From these, a total of 3 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Since data from the studies included in the antimicrobial outcome included zero values, they could not be meta-analysed. Including 0 values in the analysis will lead to several biases in the analysis, so these data were discarded. The antibacterial effect against S. mutans of UAs modified with antimicrobial agents was higher than the non-modified adhesive systems. Within the limitations of the present study, the bond strength of UAs to dentin could be improved by using antimicrobial agents. The UAs modified with antibacterial agents showed a decrease in the viability of S. mutans biofilm, among the adhesives tested. However, there are not enough valid data on antibacterial properties of modified UAs; therefore, more well-designed research on these materials is needed.

The Radiological Assessment of Root Features and Periodontal Structures in Endodontically Treated Teeth Subjected to Forces Generated by Fixed Orthodontic Appliances. A Prospective, Clinical Cohort Study.

The various side effects of orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances (FOAs) and their impact on apical and periodontal structures have been widely reported. However, the existing data is not yet conclusive. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the status of roots and periodontium in endodontically treated teeth that have undergone orthodontic treatment with the use of FOAs and to evaluate their impact on apical/periodontal structures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The prospective clinical cohort study initially involved 69 participants aged 16-40, without underlying systemic conditions, who received orthodontic treatment with ligatureless FOA systems due to different types of mild and moderate malocclusions. To meet the required criteria, 88 teeth in 34 patients were assessed clinically and radiologically. Participants had at least one tooth treated endodontically while the corresponding tooth from the same anatomical group on the opposite side was vital and intact (a 'split-mouth' approach). Four cohorts were allocated: Group IA consisted of 15 teeth, treated utilising the principles of modern endodontics, that were subjected to orthodontic forces no less than six months after completing the root canal obturation. Group I consisted of 13 similarly endodontically treated teeth, which commenced orthodontic treatment at least six months after the completed endodontic therapy. Group II contained 16 teeth treated by conventional endodontic methods and the control group, Group III, contained 44 clinically and radiologically intact teeth (incisors and premolars) with vital and sound dental pulp. The response of apical and periodontal structures to FOAs was determined by data collected from intraoral periapical radiographs taken within the course of five consecutive appointments during the orthodontic treatment. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed in susceptibility to FOA-induced external apical root resorption (EARR) between combined Groups IA + IB and II. An association was, however, demonstrated, between the occurrence of EARR and the degree of expansion of the periodontal ligament (PDL) space, regardless the method of root canal treatment. Cumulative data revealed a positive correlation between the width of the PDL space and the stage of FOA treatment (the third and the fourth appointment). The subtle changes in radiological length of roots have been observed (min 0 mm/max 0.38 mm), particularly between the second and third appointment in Group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The standard orthodontic therapy with FOAs is a safe option with predictable outcome for persons who have recently received endodontic therapy. The anterior teeth, predominantly incisors, were more susceptible to minimal EARR than premolars, which suggests that the rate of EARR occurrence may depend upon the original morphology of the apical portion of the root. The use of additional orthodontic forces increases the risk of EARR and is associated with a higher incidence of radiologically detected PDL space widening.

Efficacy of Toluidine Blue-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Candida spp. A Systematic Review.

The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of oral yeast infections was examined many times in recent years. The authors of this review tried to address the question: "Should TBO (toluidine blue ortho)-mediated aPDT be considered a possible alternative treatment for oral candidiasis?". PubMed/Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CEN-TRAL) databases were searched from 1997 up to the 27th of October 2020 using a combination of the following keywords: (Candida OR Candidiasis oral OR Candidosis oral OR denture stomatitis) AND (toluidine blue OR photodynamic therapy OR aPDT OR photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy OR PACT OR photodynamic inactivation OR PDI). Animal studies or in vitro studies involving Candida albicans (C. albicans) and/or nonalbicans stain, randomized clinical trials (RCT) involving patients with oral candidiasis or denture stomatitis published solely in English language were included. Candida elimination method in animal, in vitro studies and RCT used was TBO-mediated aPDT. Exactly 393 studies were taken into consideration. Then, after analyzing titles and abstracts of said studies, 361 were excluded. Only 32 studies ended up being selected for in-depth screening, after which 21 of them were included in this study. All studies reported the antifungal effectiveness of aPDT with TBO against C. albicans and non-albicans Candida. In studies conducted with planktonic cells, only one study showed eradication of C. albicans. All others showed partial elimination and only one of them was not statistically significant. Experiments on yeast biofilms, in all cases, showed partial, statistically significant cell growth inhibition and weight reduction (a reduction in the number of cells-mainly hyphae) and the mass of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). In vivo aPDT mediated by TBO exhibits antifungal effects against oral Candida spp.; however, its clinical effectiveness as a potent therapeutic strategy for oral yeast infections requires further investigation.

Simultaneously Transplanted Pancreas Improves Salivation and Reduces Oral Fungal Infections Incidence in Type 1 Diabetic Renal Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Long-lasting diabetes mellitus may lead to numerous pathologies in the oral cavity. The aim of the study was to assess the condition of the oral cavity, caries intensity, salivary parameters, and incidence of oral fungal infections in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after kidney transplantation (KTx) or simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation (SPK). METHODS: Twenty-one patients after SPK, 18 T1D patients after KTx, and 14 kidney recipients without diabetes (control group) were included in the study. Donor sources complied with Helsinki Congress and the Declaration of Istanbul. RESULTS: Approximal plague index in SPK (80% [68%-90%]) was comparable to KTx (80% [37.5%-92.5%]) but higher than in control group (46% [35%-50%]). All 3 groups did not differ in terms of decayed-missing-filled tooth index: 22.3 ± 4.8 vs 22.5 ± 4.5 vs 19.1 ± 4.9, respectively. Normal saliva resting secretion and consistency were more common in SPK (71.4% and 52%, respectively) than in KTx (27.8% and 50.0%, respectively). Stimulated saliva volume in the SPK, KTx and controls, pH value, and buffering capacity were comparable. In KTx higher incidence of Candida albicans infection (55.6%) compared with SPK (23.8%) and controls (no infection) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneously transplanted pancreas improves salivation and reduces the incidence of oral fungal infections in T1D kidney recipients. The severity of caries is higher and oral hygiene is worse in T1D kidney recipients compared with patients after KTx without diabetes.

Clinical Trials and Basic Research in Photodynamic Diagnostics and Therapies from the Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy in Poland.

The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the development of photodiagnostic and photodynamic therapy (PDD and PDT) techniques in Poland. The paper discusses the principles of PDD, including fluorescent techniques in determining precancerous conditions and cancers of the skin, digestive tract, bladder and respiratory tract. Methods of PDT of cancer will be discussed and the current state of knowledge as well as future trends in the development of photodynamic techniques will be presented, including the possibility of using photodynamic antimicrobial therapy. Research pioneers in photodynamic medicine such as Thomas Dougherty are an inspiration for the development of methods of PDD and PDT in our Clinic. The Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy in Bytom, Poland, promotes the propagation of PDD and PDT through the training of clinicians and raising awareness among students in training and the general public. Physicians at the Center are engaged in photomedical research aimed at clinical implementation and exploration of new avenues in photomedicine while optimizing existing modalities. The Center promotes dissemination of clinical results from a wide range of topics in PDD and PDT and serving as representative authorities of photodynamic medicine in Poland and Europe.

Gender related changes of empathy level among Polish dental students over the course of training.

The appropriate approach to dental patients, developed during the course of dentists' training, is a prerequisite for the holistic treatment of patients. Empathy is an important component of such an approach. This study aimed to determine the levels of empathy among students of dentistry at different stages in their training.The Jefferson Scale of Empathy - Health Profession Students Version was used to conduct the research, and 100 dental students (66 female and 34 male) ranging from first to fifth year participated in the survey. The scale contained 20 questions, with a possible score interval between 20 and 140. A higher score indicates increased ability to express empathy.The level of empathy among dentistry students increased from the first and second to fourth years, where it reached its maximum. During the fifth year, a decrease in levels of empathy was observed.The increase in empathy during the dental course may be correlated with the growth of clinical practice during the subsequent years of study. A slight decrease in empathy in the fifth-year students may be due to the curricular focus on performing procedures, with students having to meet a set target in order to finish the course.

Assessment of sensitivity of selected Candida strains on antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using diode laser 635 nm and toluidine blue - In vitro research.

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy is believed to be a promising treatment for Candida infections. This study evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using the 635 nm diode laser light and toluidine blue (TB) in the elimination of selected Candida species cultured on acrylic surface. METHODS: 108 acrylic plates (Methyl Methacrylate Polymer, routinely used for the production of prosthetic dentures) were placed in three sterile Petri dishes and poured with prepared suspensions of Candida strains: C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei. After all procedures of fungi incubation, fungal biofilm was visible on the plates' surfaces. The acrylic plates were divided into nine study groups (B) and nine control groups (K) for further experiments. In the study groups, the acrylic plates with fungal biofilm were immersed in TB and afterwards laser irradiation was applicated with different exposure parameters (groups: B1 - 400 mW, 24 J/cm2, 30 s; B2 - 300 mW, 18 J/cm2, 30 s; B3 - 200 mW, 12 J/cm2, 30 s) separately for each Candida species. The control groups contained following parameters: no exposure to laser light or TB, treatment only with TB without laser irradiation, or only laser irradiation without previous immersion in TB. Calculations of colony forming units (CFUs) were conducted by using aCOlyte (Synbiosis). Differences in CFUs were analyzed by the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: In all study groups, the reduction in CFUs was statistically significant. The differences in CFUs before and after intervention were insignificant. The K3 C.a. control group showed a statistical reduction of Candida albicans after laser irradiation. CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed the efficacy of aPDT against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei being dependent on the laser parameters and the type of fungus. The advantage of this study is the validation of aPDT effectiveness in in vitro studies to transpose this data into future clinical trials using photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral squamous carcinoma-Clinical implications resulting from in vitro research.

BACKGROUND: Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma is a common cancer of the head and neck region. Due to the frequency of diagnoses, high rate of mortality, mutilating nature of classic therapy and numerous complications, new methods of treatment are being sought. One promising solution for treatment which is utilized in many fields of oncology is photodynamic therapy. The purpose of this article is to present a general overview of the use of photodynamic therapy in preclinical in vitro studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search for articles corresponding to the topic of this review was performed using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases using the following keywords: 'oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma,' 'photodynamic therapy,' 'photosensitizer(s),' 'in vitro,' 'cell culture(s),' 'spheroids,' 'CAM model', and 'in vivo.' RESULTS: Most of the previous work found in the literature search concerns research on the use of various photosensitizers and the determination of their level of phototoxicity against cell lines. CONCLUDING REMARKS: Research on the photodynamic effect in cell lines may be useful in establishing the mechanisms and effectiveness of the photodynamic method as a starting point for clinical trials. Studies on spheroidal models allows for testing photodynamic therapy under more clinical-like conditions. The Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay provides information about the vascular changes after treatment.

Influence of the toothpaste with brazilian ethanol extract propolis on the oral cavity health.

Propolis-based therapeutic agents represent this potential for the development of new drugs in dental care. The aim of a clinical-cohort study was to determine the influence of application of toothpaste enriched with Brazilian extract of propolis (EEP) on health status of oral cavity. Laboratory analysis was conducted in order to assess the chemical composition of EEP including total phenolic compounds, the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, and FRAP assay. Clinical research involved two groups of subjects comprising 32 adult patients, with assessment based on the preliminary evaluation of the state of their marginal periodontium. The investigation of oral health indices API, OHI, and SBI and microbiological examination of oral microflora were also carried out. Results obtained indicated time-dependent microbial action of EEP at 50 mg/L concentration, with antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The total decrease of API, OHI, and SBI mean values was observed. Hygienic preparations with 3% content of Brazilian ethanol extract of green propolis (EEP) efficiently support removal of dental plaque and improve the state of marginal periodontium.

The biological activity of propolis-containing toothpaste on oral health environment in patients who underwent implant-supported prosthodontic rehabilitation.

The soft and periodontal tissues surrounding dental implants are particularly susceptible to bacteria invasion and inflammatory reactions due to complex histological structures. This study was carried out to investigate the influence of a propolis-containing hygienic agent on selected oral health parameters, oral microflora, and the condition of periodontal health. Sixteen subjects who underwent an oral rehabilitation with dental implants were selected and randomly assigned into two groups, which received a newly formulated propolis-containing toothpaste (3% (CA)) or a negative control without an active ingredient (CC). Approximal plaque index (API), oral hygiene index (OHI, debris component), and sulcus bleeding index (SBI) were assessed in three subsequent stages. During the first and last examinations, the swabs were employed for microbiological inoculation. Propolis-containing toothpaste was found to be distinctively effective in improving oral health and the occurrence of gingivitis triggered by dental plaque. The qualitative and quantitative changes in oral bacteria spectrum were observed. Antibacterial measures containing propolis might be used as a natural adjuvant to other active substances in individuals with a high risk of periodontal problems against pathogenic oral microflora.

Influence of hygienic preparations with a 3% content of ethanol extract of Brazilian propolis on the state of the oral cavity.

BACKGROUND: One of the most important measures to be undertaken in order to fight gingivitis and periodontitis is maintenance of proper hygiene of the oral cavity. The research to improve the content of toothpaste has continued for many years so that they should become better in terms of therapeutic abilities. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to determine and investigate the influence of the application of toothpaste and gel with 3% ethanol propolis extract on the state of the oral cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research group comprised 80 adult patients divided into two subgroups: Group I, which comprised 40 patients without pathological changes within the boundaries of the periodontium, and Group II, also 40 patients endangered with the occurrence of periodontitis caused by dental plaque and lack of proper hygiene of the oral cavity. Qualification for both groups was based on an interview and analysis of clinical documentation and assessment of adequate indices such as API, OHI and SBI. The patients underwent three examinations: initial, follow-up after 7 days and after 8 weeks since the beginning of the program. Moreover, the patients were instructed about hygienic procedures of the oral cavity. Four groups (T, G, CT, CG), 20 patients each, were created from research groups I and II. They used the following preparations: T--Dental Polis DX toothpaste with propolis content, G--Dental Polis DX toothpaste without propolis content, CT--Carepolis gel with propolis content, CG--Carepolis gel without propolis content. The patients were informed about the type of hygienic preparation they were given to use (whether it contained propolis or not). Moreover, they were interviewed for their subjective evaluation of the product received. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Results of the research show the effectiveness of hygienic preparations with 3% content of ethanol propolis extract in both groups of patients: without pathological changes within the boundaries of the periodontium and in the case of patients endangered with the occurrence of gingivitis caused by dental plaque