[Palivizumab: four seasons in Russia].

In 2010, the Russian Federation (RF) registered palivizumab--innovative drug, based on monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization of seasonal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children of disease severe progress risk group, which include primarily premature infants, children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. Currently, palivizumab is included in the list of recommended medicines and medical care standards of different countries, including Russia. In the review the results of Russian research on the progress of RSV infection, its epidemiology and immunization experience gained over the 2010-2014 period are summarized in relation to the foreign data. During the four epidemic seasons palivizumab immunization covered more than 3,200 children of severe RSV infection risk group with a progressive annual increase in the number of patients who received the drug. Geography of palivizumab immunization is also greatly expanded in our country during this time. If during the first two seasons measures of immunization were taken mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg, at the present time, thirty one territorial entities of the Russian Federation have the experience in the drug application. Analysis of the results of RSV infection immunization (made in several regions) confirms the high clinical efficacy and palivizumab safety already demonstrated in international studies. In addition, the analysis presents the potential to improve the efficiency of the integrated RSV infection immunization programs, realizing in the establishment of high-risk child group register, adequate counseling for parents, as well as the development of the routing of patients and coordination of interaction between different health institutions during the immunization.

[Efficacy of immunomodulators in children with respiratory diseases in environmentally poor areas].

The authors evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of the antiviral and immunomodulatory drug Isoprinosine (inosine pranobex, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd) in the treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases in children. One hundred and fifty-two children with acute respiratory diseases and an exacerbation of recurrent respiratory diseases were followed up. The use of Isoprinosine in their combined treatment showed both positive clinical changes and a better immunogram.

[Features of immunity in tobacco smoking among adolescents].

The work is devoted to the study of indicators of systemic and local immunity in the respiratory tract in healthy adolescent tobacco use. The aim of the work is to characterize indices of general and local immunity of the respiratory tract during smoking in healthy adolescents. The study of local immunity was performed in induced sputum with the use of 0.1% solution of dithiothreitol. The study used tests assessing immune status I and II level. Active smoking in healthy adolescents induces a local and general immunological signs of inflammation: in sputum--elevation of IL-1alpha level and number of cells with activation markers (SD45 and HLA-DR); in the peripheral blood--the rise of levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF CD19 (+) - cells, IgE and IL-4 in combination with a reduction in the number of CCD3(+)-, CD4(+)-, CD8(-)-lymphocytes and depression of the phagocytic activity of neutrophils.

[Immunopathology in the children and adolescents living in regions with a varying anthropogenic load].

The prevalence and pattern of immunopathology were analyzed in the children and adolescents living in the Orenburg Region's areas having a varying anthropogenic load. The children and adolescents were found to have high morbidity rates for allergic, infectious-and-inflammatory diseases upon anthropogenic exposure. In the examinees, the immunological parameters corresponded to the stereotypic changes that were characteristic of infectious-and-inflammatory and allergic syndromes. There was a correlation between the incidence of airway allergic and infectious-and-inflammatory diseases and the degree of ambient pollution.

[Evaluation of immunity in children from rural localities and the levels of trace elements in environmental objects]. / Otsenka immunnogo statusa u detei sel'skikh naselennykh punktov i soderzhanie mikroélementov v ob"ektakh okruzhaiushchei sredy.

Immunity was evaluated in 890 schoolchildren living in rural localities of the Central and Western lands of the Orenburg Region. There was a correlation between the immunological parameters of the examinees and the levels of trace elements in environmental objects. The children's immunity showed unilateral changes in the studied parameters as compared with the regional standards. The closest correlation was found between the absolute count of T lymphocytes, stab neutrophils, the levels of IgA, IgM in children and the content of I, Sr, Mn, Cr in cereals and vegetables, as well as between the levels of IL-2 and alpha-TNF and the blood concentrations of Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni, Co in the examined children. The immunological changes may result from the imbalance of trace elements in the studied environmental objects and biological substrates.

Immune and interferon status in schoolchildren living in cities with different anthropogenic load.

Examinations of 6-11-year healthy children living in industrial cities of the Orenburg region revealed a close relationship between ecological status of the territory and some immunity parameters such as immune deficiency, interferon content, and formation of postvaccinal immunity with live measles vaccine. The most pronounced changes in the immune status and decreased postvaccinal immunity were found in a city with the greatest anthropogenic load. Changes in interferon status were similar in all cities: a 2-fold increase of serum interferon and suppressed production of interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma.

[Anthropogenic environmental factors and their role in the occurrence of acute respiratory diseases]. / Antropogennye faktory okruzhaiushchei sredy i ikh rol' v razvitii ostrykh respiratornykh zabolevanii.

The incidence of acute respiratory diseases (ARD) in two districts of the Orenburg Region which have different levels of environmental pollution was comparatively analyzed. The higher incidence of ARD in the more polluted district (Kuvandyksky) than in the control one (Belyaevsky). The incidence rate (41.8%) of ARD correlated with the level of the ambient air pollution by dust, CO, NO2, NF and fluoride aerosols in the Kuvandyksky district.

[Preschool children's health in towns with different levels of environmental pollution]. / Zdorov'e detei doshkol'nogo vozrasta v gorodakh s raznym urovnem zagriazneniia okruzhaiushchei sredy.

A total of 3497 preschool children residing in the towns having with different man-made burden were examined. The study showed that most children referred to Health Groups 2 and 3. In the town with higher environmental pollution there were a larger proportion of children with dysfunctions of different organs and systems and higher incidence of diseases, including respiratory allergoses, etc.