Male infertility rate: a retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Worldwide, male responsible infertility is on the rise. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the infertility rate of this area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases reported from 1989 to 1993 to the Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurved University were studied. Semen reports were also scrutinized. RESULTS: A total number of 1,17,979 cases were examined. Male infertility rate was 45%. Patients' semen report showed that they were with oligozoospermia (22%), asthenozoospermia (11%) and azoospermia (12%). DISCUSSION: The reported value (45%) for male infertility is high, which is compared and discussed with that of authors from worldwide.

Human epididymis: structural pattern, total length and inner surface area.

INTRODUCTION: The organ epididymis is secured the name considering it functioned as an appendix to the testis; earlier testis was called as didymi. Regarding the length of human epididymis, several values are attributed by different authors. The present study was aimed to find out the pattern, total length and inner surface area of human epididymis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted by employing microsurgical procedures on five testes from unclaimed human dead bodies. RESULTS: Caput was formed by few tubes interconnecting at three levels. These tubes led to corpus, which in turn was having more number of tubes interconnecting at different levels. Tubules were many looking like a mesh. United tubes of corpus form the single tube to form cauda. Epididymis length was 30.48 cm. Inner surface area was 818.16 mm2. CONCLUSIONS: Reported values of others seem to be a modified version from that of animals. Authors believe that organic revolutionary changes in man led to a reduction in the length of epididymis.

Seminal plasma calcium in normal and infertile patients.

INTRODUCTION: In this study an attempt is made to find out the level of calcium in seminal plasma of normal and infertile patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semen samples are collected from 34 normal men and 112 infertile patients. After semen evaluation seminal plasma was separated and calcium level was measured in it. RESULTS: Calcium level in mg% is recorded in each group as follows; in normozospermia (n34) 20.14 ± 1.25 (±SE), oligozoospermia (n26) 9.76 ± 1.17, azoospermia (n33) 14.65 ± 2.63, oligoasthenozoosperma (n28) 20.91 ± 1.94 and in asthenozoospermia (n25) 11.56 ± 1.68. Statistically highly significant reduction in calcium is seen in Oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia. CONCLUSIONS: The probable reasons for these two conditions are discussed.

Level of copper in human split ejaculate.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the details of splits of an ejaculate and to locate the origin of release of copper into semen. METHODS: Laboratory methods routinely followed for semen analysis were carried out. Copper was estimated by employing atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: First split of ejaculate showed the highest number of motile sperm, the quality of which decreased from first to third. Copper level in splits 1, 2 and 3 was 29, 23 and 22 µg%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that copper was released from throughout the genital tract.

Effect of different timings of the day on semen and calcium and magnesium in it.

PURPOSE: The study was conducted to understand the effect of time of the day on semen parameters as well as on the level of two electrolytes, calcium and magnesium, in it. METHODS: A total number of 27 normal healthy adults submitted 156 ejaculates during six different fixed timings of the day on six different occasions. RESULTS: A significant observation was that semen quality was superior in terms of total sperm count percentage and active motility at 0000 hours. A second peak was seen at 0800 hours. Calcium and magnesium level in seminal plasma was maximum at 0000 hours. No significant difference was observed in case of spermatozoa elements among different timings. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that probably the release as well as the quality of sample was dependent on blood androgen.

Calcium and magnesium in male reproductive system and in its secretion. I. Level in normal human semen, seminal plasma and spermatozoa.

A study was conducted to establish the level of calcium and magnesium in human semen, seminal plasma and spermatozoa. One hundred and sixteen healthy, fertile young men submitted sample for this study. Total sperm count and active motility showed a positive correlation. Both elements were found more outside spermatozoa. They maintained a positive correlation. Spermatozoa count did not show correlation with any of these two elements. There was a negative correlation in calcium inside and outside spermatozoa.

Testicular perfusion apparatus.

OBJECTIVES: A reproductive biology laboratory requires to provide reliable instruments for regular use of research workers. To understand an organ and perform scientific study and reach on a conclusion good instruments and techniques are essential. Such a suitable one is not available in case of testicular study. The present study is aimed to clear this lacuna. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A new testicular perfusion apparatus for rabbit and rat is designed and fabricated with glass. The glass blowing instrument available is used. The perfusion fluid preferred is Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4). Quartz wool provided in stem tube filters emboli present in it. Perfusate temperature is maintained to that of testis. A 26-gauge needle is introduced into the spermatic artery to allow entry of perfusate into testis. Method for the collection of perfusate leaving testis is available. This permits to measure the level of an injected substance before its entry through perfusion fluid into the testis, which shall be compared in the fluid after completion of perfusion. RESULTS: Initially few animal testes were used and found the instrument to be functioning well. CONCLUSION: A new simple perfusion apparatus for testes of rabbit and rat is designed. The apparatus made out of glass could be prepared with the help of glass blowing facility and used regularly in any laboratory.

Efecto de la eyaculación diaria sobre la calidad seminal y el nivel de calcio y magnesio en semen / Effect of daily ejaculation on semen quality and calcium and magnesium in semen

Objetivo. Los diferentes aspectos del estudio del semen han mejorado el conocimiento del aparato reproductor masculino. El objetivo del presente estudio es descubrir el efecto de la eyaculación diaria durante 10 días sobre la calidad seminal y el nivel de calcio y magnesio en semen. Materiales y métodos. En el estudio participaron 21 varones sanos y sexualmente activos. Se obtuvo su consentimiento previo al estudio. Se analizó el efecto de la eyaculación diaria durante 10 días sobre los parámetros seminales y el nivel de calcio y magnesio. Tras una abstinencia de 3–5 días, se recogieron 11 muestras. Se evaluaron las muestras sobre una base diaria, calculándose el nivel de calcio y magnesio en los espermatozoides, así como en el plasma seminal. Resultados. El estudio mostró que la calidad del semen mejoró con la eyaculación diaria. No se observaron diferencias estadísticas en cuanto al nivel de calcio y magnesio en el plasma seminal y en los espermatozoides. Conclusión. El estudio demostró que la eyaculación diaria es útil para mejorar la calidad seminal(AU)

Objective. Different aspects of semen study improved the knowledge of male reproductive system. Aim of the present study is to find out the effect of daily ejaculation for 10 days on semen quality and the level of calcium and magnesium in semen. Materials and methods. Twenty-one young healthy sexually active men participated in this study. Their consent was collected prior to it. Effect of daily ejaculation for 10 days on semen parameters and calcium and magnesium it were studied. After an abstinence of 3–5 days 11th sample was collected. On a daily basis samples were evaluated and calcium and magnesium were estimated in spermatozoa as well as seminal plasma. Results. The study showed quality of semen improved by daily ejaculation. Statistically no differences in the level of calcium and magnesium in seminal plasma and spermatozoa were observed. Conclusion. The study proved daily ejaculation was useful in improving its quality(AU)

Split ejaculation study: semen parameters and calcium and magnesium in seminal plasma.

OBJECTIVES: Male infertility is on the rise. Artificial insemination is an option in many cases like oligozoospermia or oligoasthenozoospermia. Homologous insemination is helpful for some couples in whom sperm count is low. This study was aimed to understand the most suitable portion of split ejaculate for insemination and also the level of calcium and magnesium in each split. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total number of 31 normal and clinically healthy adults participated in this study. They were instructed to maintain abstinence for 2-5 days prior to sample collection in three splits. Each split was evaluated as if it were a whole sample, following WHO criteria. Seminal plasma was separated. Calcium and magnesium levels were measured in seminal plasma and spermatozoa of each split. RESULTS: The split ejaculate study revealed that the first portion contained a higher number of spermatozoa with better motility than the 2nd and 3rd splits. Similarly, the level of calcium and magnesium in seminal plasma and spermatozoa was greater in the first split, followed by 2(nd) and 3(rd) splits. CONCLUSION: The presented split ejaculate study has shown the first ejaculate as superior in quality in terms of total sperm count and percentage of active motility. The first split of ejaculation is recommended for homologous artificial insemination in case of oligozoospermia and oligoasthenozoospermia. This study has also shown that a major portion of two important elements, calcium and magnesium, is contributed by the prostate gland.

Support for human estrus: documentation in Ayurveda.

INTRODUCTION: Human estrus is a new topic to discussion. Articles related to this are few. AIM: Authors present here the first known report on human estrus, which was discussed in the Ayurveda classic text, Susruta Samhita, dated back to the 1st century BC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Supporting this, evidence from modern literature is presented here. RESULTS: Estrus discussed as a fresh topic. CONCLUSION: Authors concluded that all modern research results, though limited, are in support of the oldest writing about human estrus.