ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the details of first menstruation and the differences between those who had knowledge of menstruation prior to menarche and those who did not. Information from 305 young women in India was collected regarding menarcheal bleeding pattern, disturbances in normal menstruation, and menarcheal age. Those who had knowledge prior to menarche considered it to be a normal physiological function, while those who did not were "appalled" and "horrified." Those having prior knowledge had a high rate of regularity, lower rate of dysmenorrhea, and earlier onset of menarche. The subjects were unanimous in their desire for more information to be provided prior to menarche.
Subject(s)
Menarche/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Attitude to Health , Dysmenorrhea/psychology , Female , Health Education , Humans , India , Retrospective StudiesSubject(s)
Fertilization in Vitro , Embryo Transfer , Ethics, Medical , Female , Humans , International Cooperation , Pregnancy , Surrogate MothersSubject(s)
Metals/analysis , Semen/analysis , Cadmium/analysis , Copper/analysis , Humans , Male , Semen Preservation/standards , Time Factors , Zinc/analysisSubject(s)
Menstruation , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Zinc levels in seminal plasma of normal subjects are compared with those of oligospermic, asthenospermic and azoospermic. A linear direct relationship seems to exist between zinc in seminal plasma and motility of spermatozoans. The possible implications of this are discussed.
