ABSTRACT
Inflammation is well established to significantly impact metabolic diseases. The inflammatory protease caspase-1 has been implicated in metabolic dysfunction; however, a potential role for the related inflammatory caspases is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated a role for caspase-11 and caspase-12 in obesity and insulin resistance. Loss of caspase-12 in two independently generated mouse strains predisposed mice to develop obesity, metabolic inflammation, and insulin resistance, whereas loss of caspase-11 had no effect. The use of bone marrow chimeras determined that deletion of caspase-12 in the radio-resistant compartment was responsible for this metabolic phenotype. The Nlrp3 inflammasome pathway mediated the metabolic syndrome of caspase-12-deficient mice as ablation of Nlrp3 reversed Casp12(-/-) mice obesity phenotype. Although the majority of people lack a functional caspase-12 because of a T(125) single nucleotide polymorphism that introduces a premature stop codon, a fraction of African descendents express full-length caspase-12. Expression of caspase-12 was linked to decreased systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in a cohort of African American obese children. However, analysis of the Dallas Heart Study African American cohort indicated that the coding T(125)C single nucleotide polymorphism was not associated with metabolic parameters in humans, suggesting that host-specific differences mediate the expressivity of metabolic disease.
Subject(s)
Caspase 12/physiology , Caspases/physiology , Insulin Resistance/genetics , Obesity/genetics , Animals , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Carrier Proteins/immunology , Caspase 12/genetics , Caspases/genetics , Caspases, Initiator , Glucose Intolerance/genetics , Humans , Inflammation/genetics , Inflammation/immunology , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2 , Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/geneticsABSTRACT
Inflammation is an important contributor to the development of metabolic disease. Recent work has strongly implicated the inflammasome and caspase-1 as having a pivotal role in the regulation of metabolism, obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Through multiple murine and human studies we now know that the inflammasome can be activated by metabolic triggers in vivo. Clinical studies also reveal the inflammasome to be a potential candidate for therapeutic intervention and provide a clear incentive for future work on this inflammatory pathway.
Subject(s)
Caspases/metabolism , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Animals , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease , Humans , Immunity , Inflammation/enzymology , Inflammation/immunology , Inflammation/therapyABSTRACT
Burkholderia cenocepacia is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. The bacterium survives intracellularly in macrophages within a membrane-bound vacuole (BcCV) that precludes the fusion with lysosomes. The underlying cellular mechanisms and bacterial molecules mediating these phenotypes are unknown. Here, we show that intracellular B. cenocepacia expressing a type VI secretion system (T6SS) affects the activation of the Rac1 and Cdc42 RhoGTPase by reducing the cellular pool of GTP-bound Rac1 and Cdc42. The T6SS also increases the cellular pool of GTP-bound RhoA and decreases cofilin activity. These effects lead to abnormal actin polymerization causing collapse of lamellipodia and failure to retract the uropod. The T6SS also prevents the recruitment of soluble subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex including Rac1 to the BcCV membrane, but is not involved in the BcCV maturation arrest. Therefore, T6SS-mediated deregulation of Rho family GTPases is a common mechanism linking disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and delayed NADPH oxidase activation in macrophages infected with B. cenocepacia.
Subject(s)
Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism , Burkholderia cenocepacia/pathogenicity , Macrophages/microbiology , NADPH Oxidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Neuropeptides/antagonists & inhibitors , cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , rac GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Cell Line , Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Macrophages/enzymology , Macrophages/metabolism , Mice , Models, Biological , rac1 GTP-Binding Protein , rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
Burkholderia cenocepacia is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and can survive intracellularly in macrophages and epithelial cells. The gentamicin protection assay, which relies on the poor ability of gentamicin or other aminoglycosides to permeate eukaryotic cell membranes, is traditionally employed to quantify intracellular bacteria. However, the high resistance of these bacteria to aminoglycosides hampers the use of the gentamicin protection assay to investigate intracellular infection by B. cenocepacia. Here, we report the construction of gentamicin-sensitive strains of B. cenocepacia carrying a deletion of the BCAL1674, BCAL1675, and BCAL1676 genes that form an operon encoding an AmrAB-OprA-like efflux pump. We show that bacteria carrying this deletion are hypersensitive to gentamicin and also delay phagolysosomal fusion upon infection of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, as previously demonstrated for the parental strain. We also demonstrate for the first time that low concentrations of gentamicin can be used to effectively kill extracellular bacteria and reliably quantify the intracellular infection by B. cenocepacia, which can replicate in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
